Review Topics

Question 1

what is the brundtland definition of sustainable development?

Answer 1

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Question 2

citation for brundtland definition

Answer 2

WCED, 1987

Question 3

what is target based development?

Answer 3

the SDGs and the subsections of them are an example of TBD

Question 4

how is development unequal?

Answer 4

heavily westernised
heavily focused on ‘developing nations’ but all countries need help in some regard (have to qualify according to the OECD rules)
reinforces the binary
technology differences

Question 5

framing power of the SDGs

Answer 5

shape the behavior of governments, city councils, UN and bilateral agencies, INGOs and businesses
ex: UNICEF, Tescos

Question 6

definition of official development assistance

Answer 6

funds or technical assistance received by countries in the event of humanitarian crisis
short term - humanitarian aid
long term - socio-economic objective

Question 7

what is the difference between bilateral and multilateral aid

Answer 7

Bilateral aid represents flows from official (government) sources directly to the recipient country. Multilateral aid represents core contributions from official (government) sources to multilateral agencies which use them to fund their own developmental programmes

Question 8

the UN system

Answer 8

general assembly
subsidairy organs
commissions
departments

Question 9

aid conditionality

Answer 9

cycle: over donors giving aid, recipient fails to budget aid effectively, only a small reduction in poverty and structural changes, country agrees on new conditions to mitigate poverty

Question 10

practical and strategic gender interests

Answer 10

practical ways in which make women’s lives better
applying these changes to the structural conditions of gender inequality
women farmers: better tools and making it easier to own land

Question 11

when was gender mainstreaming introduced?

Answer 11

1985 by the UN

Question 12

what is gender mainstreaming?

Answer 12

the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels
the ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality

Question 13

which alternative to development supports a complete alternative to development

Answer 13

buen vivir - radical change from the root, change of the whole model, complete departure from the original form

Question 14

examples of social resistance/ movements

Answer 14

debt activism in the global north, food riots, student protests, the peasant movement

Question 15

what is the livelihoods approach?

Answer 15

emerged from famines
attempted to explain the paradox that we have enough food in the world, but people still go hungry

Question 16

“a livelihood is sustainable when…

Answer 16

it can cope and recover from stresses and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, while not undermining the natural resource base”

Question 17

SOURCE: sustainable livelihoods

Answer 17

Scoones, 1998

Question 18

what is de-peasantisation?

Answer 18

the process of moving away from agricultural livelihood

Question 19

what is “new rurality”

Answer 19

the shift from an agrarian model where the society was organised around primary activities, towards a society more articulated with the environment and the urban market

Question 20

example of new ruralities?

Answer 20

mega resorts in Mexico

Question 21

what is infrastructure-led development?

Answer 21

argues that investments in infrastructure development contribute to socio-economic growth and environmental protection at both local and global levels

Question 22

SOURCE: infrastructure-led development

Answer 22

Agénor, 2010

Question 23

what is the OECD definition of aid?

Answer 23

resources transferred on concessional terms with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of the developing countries as the main objective

Question 24

what is the post-development critique?

Answer 24

calls for thorough changes in the capitalist global economy and also how society relates to nature and is a comprehensive critique to the development project

Question 25

what is degrowth?

Answer 25

the reduction in social metabolism (the energy and material throughput of the economy needed to meet existing biophysical constraints imposed by natural resource limits and ecosystem assimilative capacity

Question 26

what is the development effectiveness paradigm?

Answer 26

donors and development partners link trade investments, concessional finance, and technical assistance and runs the risk that well being, environmental sustainability and political justice are sacrificed

Question 27

ICT4D

Answer 27

promotes goal 9 of the SDGs which is promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation

Question 28

depeasantisation

Answer 28

the countryside has been transformed by the loss of labour workers

Question 29

world cities report, 2020

Answer 29

cities are the primary catalyst for drivers of economic development and prosperity within them