Review Questions Flashcards
Which type of research does not have a hypothesis and instead is more interested in discovery and understanding of phenomena?
Qualitative
A nonrandomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of adaptive seating for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) would be classified as what type of research?
Experimental
A study finds that the prevalence of learning disabilities is approximately 10%. This study is best classified as
Nonexperimental
When a researcher finds that the intervention group improved significantly more than the control group, which statement below is most accurate?
The hypothesis that the intervention group will have better outcomes than the control group was supported by the findings
A study is conducted examining the effect of use of a weighted vest on standardized test scores for children with ADHD in the classroom. While taking the test, some children with ADHD wear the weighted vest and some do not. Whether the child is in the group wearing the weighted vest or not would be considered what type of variable?
Independent
Before random assignment, a study matches participants by grade and severity of ADHD symptoms. Participants are then randomly assigned to a cognitive remediation program or a wait-list control group to determine if the intervention improves classroom participation and performance. Grade and severity of symptoms are what type of variable?
Control
Which study is better for determining the likelihood of depression occurring after job loss?
Longitudinal
Which of the following is the best example of qualitative research?
Learning about the daily life experience of caregivers from the caregiver’s perspective
All the students in a classroom receive a mindfulness intervention. Stress and test performance are the outcome measures. This study would best be classified as
Pre-experimental
A study is described as a 2x2 design. This means the study has
Two independent variables with two levels
What is the median for the following data set
8 8 9 10 11 11 11 12
10.5
When a study describes a sample as 62% female, this percentage is an example of what type of statistic?
Frequency
The mode is the most useful measure of central tendency when the data is
Categorical
What type of graph is best to use when you want to illustrate changes over time?
Line graph
In a normal distribution, the percentage of people that have scores one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean is
Approximately 68%
n which of the following samples would you expect to find the largest standard deviation for a set of scores measuring cardiovascular endurance?
A group that includes both sedentary and active adults
If an exam were very easy, and most students received very high grades and very few people received low grades, the frequency distribution would be described as
Negatively skewed
In a hypothetical normal distribution, the mean is 10 and the standard deviation is 3. What is the score for a person who scores -1 standard deviations below the mean?
7
The standard deviation for the number of comorbidities is
1.2
If martial status were added to the table, it would most likely be presented as a
Frequency
One group of children participated in a study. In one condition they wore a weighted vest, and in the other they wore an unweighted vest. The inferential statistic used to compare the differences between the two conditions is
Dependent sample t-test
Which of the following difference statistics is an example of a within-group comparison?
Dependent sample t-test
When conducting a t-test, if all other factors are equal, there is more likely to be a statistically significant difference between groups if
Variability is small
Which statistic would be most helpful in determining if the impact that an intervention had on an outcome is large enough that it could be clinically significant?
d= 1.62
A research study reports that the mean= 5.4, 95% CI [3.2, 7.9]. Which of the following is the best interpretation of the confidence interval?
The population has a mean that falls between 3.2 and 7.9
Which statistic gives you information about the likelihood of making a Type II error?
Power
A study comparing conventional treatment and a new intervention finds no interaction efffect, but it does find a main effect for time. Which interpretation of the findings is most accurate?
Both groups improved, but one group did not improve more than the other
Adults with traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and dementia are compared on a measure of executive function. Which statistic would be used to determine if there is a difference between the three groups?
One-way ANOVA
In a randomized controlled trial with a pretest and posttest, which comparison is most important for determining if the intervention condition is more effective than the control condition?
Interaction effect
A study compares the percentages of males and females in an OT class with the percentage of males and females in a PT class. Which statistic would be used to determine if there is a difference?
Chi-square
What type of graph is most useful for illustrating the difference in survival rates for two or more groups?
Kaplan Meir curve
When the outcome is dichotomous and it occurs in more than 10% of the sample, which statistic is a more accurate estimate?
Risk ratio
Which value is most often used to represent the unique variance contributed by a variable or set of variables in linear regression?
R2 change
In a risk ratio, if a predictor variable contributes nothing to determining the outcome, what will the RR equal?
1.0
Multicollinearity means that
Many of the predictor variables are inter-correlated
Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?
Fewer hours of sleep relates to more errors on a test
Which of the following statistics is an effect size?
r
Which statistic would you use for examining the relationship between two continuous variables in a cross-sectional study?
Pearson product-moment correlation
Which of the following indicates the strongest relationship?
r = -0.8
Confidence intervals are used to explain the expected population values regarding what type of relationship statistic?
OR
Which research design promotes collaboration between participants and researchers and is more likely to result in action toward solving a problem?
Participatory
What acronym represents a tool that can be used to create a search of qualitative research?
SPIDER
What sampling approach is used when one set of participants identifies additional participants?
Snowball
What type of reasoning is used in qualitative research?
Inductive
Which of the following statements best characterizes the philosophy of qualitative research?
Multiple perspectives are appreciated and sought out
The data collection process in qualitative research is most likely to involve
A small number of participants and a large amount of subjective data
Which type of qualitative research is most interested in better understanding a culture and beliefs of a group of people?
Ethnography
Which qualitative method requires that the researcher make biases explicit as a means of preventing bias from influencing the interpretation of data?
Bracketing
Themes would be found in which section of a qualitative research article?
Results
Which of the following questions best illustrates the type of research question that would be asked in qualitative research?
What are the relationships like between siblings when one child has a disability and the other does not?
Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with rigor in qualitative research?
Trustworthiness
Which of the following is NOT a desired characteristic in qualitative research?
Including enough participants to detect differences between groups
Verification of data from multiple sources is also called:
Confirmability
Which of the following terms describes an outside reviewer who examines the available research records for accuracy and thoroughness?
External audit
Which qualitative method is most helpful for the clinician to determine if the findings are transferable to their practice situation?
Thick description
Which of the following questions would be the most suitable for a qualitative interview about work experiences for people with mental illness?
What does “having a job” mean to you?
In qualitative research, which practice would most likely be used if multiple coders disagreed about a potential theme?
Discuss the differences until a consensus is reached
The following quote is included in the methods section of a qualitative study: “Ample detail is provided regarding participants, setting, and how the raw data support the study’s findings. This is an example of what qualitative method?
Thick description
When participants in a study are asked to verify a theme, this is called:
Member checking
Sometimes a researcher in a qualitative study writes down their biases to make them explicit and keep notes as the study progresses to continue to keep biases in check. This process is known as:
Reflexivity
The inclusion/exclusion criteria for a systematic review would be found in what section of an article?
Methods
Which of the following is more likely to be developed by an organization instead of an individual(s)?
Practice guidelines
The standardized mean difference between is often presented as the effect size in a meta-analysis of which type of research?
Efficacy studies
The size of the square in a forest plot represents which of the following?
The weight of an individual study
Which of the following is a desirable characteristic of systematic reviews?
Study homogeneity
Practice guidelines can be evaluated using which criteria?
AGREE II
A qualitative systematic review would use which method to synthesize the findings?
Thematic synthesis
The requirement by funding agencies and journals that clinical trials be registered helps prevent what potential limitation in systematic reviews?
Publication bias
Under which condition would it be most reasonable to conduct a scoping review instead of a systematic review?
When determining if a systematic review is possible
The weighting of studies in a meta-analysis is based on which factor?
The sample size of each study
Which of the following best typifies the shared decision-making process?
Therapists and clients coming to consensus after both present their expertise on the topic
Shared decision-making is consistent with which approach to health care?
Client-centered practice
What is the name of the tool that therapists can use to share information with clients?
Decision aid
Which of the following is the best example of the teach-back method?
After the therapist explains information to the client, the therapist asks the client to describe or restate the information in their own words
What term describes the process of communicating in a way that avoids jargon and is accessible to your clients?
Health literacy
From a shared decision-making perspective, which of the following approaches should a therapist use when a client does not want to be involved in the decision-making process?
Take the client’s values into account, make the decision, and then inform the client of the choices made and why
Which of the following is an example of a good question for ascertaining the values important in a health care decision?
How much time do you have to devote to your therapy?
Shared decision-making involves all except which one of the following?
Therapists’ emphasis on their preferred option
In which type of group do professionals with a common background come together to learn about a topic and achieve a mutually agreed upon goal?
Community of practice
Which of the following is the conventional approach to a journal club?
A group of healthcare professionals take turns selecting, presenting, and critiquing a journal article
