Brown: Chapter 11

Question 1

Qualitative research undertaken with inductive reasoning acknowledges that

Answer 1

human experience is complex and diverse and uses a naturalistic tradition with an emphasis on understanding phenomena in the real world

Question 2

Qualitative research studies are framed around

Answer 2

research question(s), and the resulting reports, articles, or papers include the same major sections of introduction, methods, results, and discussion

Question 3

What step differ substantially in qualitative research when compared to quantitative research?

Answer 3

writing and answering the research question, designing the study, and collecting and analyzing the data

Question 4

What is the philosophy behind qualitative research?

Answer 4

Naturalistic inquiry
- which suggests that a phenomenon is only understood in context and that multiple perspectives can and do exist and differ among individuals

Question 5

Qualitative research uses what type of reasoning?

Answer 5

inductive reasoning, in which data are collected and, based on that data, an understanding is reached

Question 6

Qualitative researchers use ____ to drive the research process.

Answer 6

data

Question 7

What is an important belief in qualitative research?

Answer 7

constructivism, which is the philosophy that our understanding of the world is “constructed.”

Question 8

What is the belief in quantitative research?

Answer 8

This is in contrast to quantitative research, which is based on positivism (deductive reasoning)

Question 9

Describe research questions in qualitative research.

Answer 9

Broad and general
Open to revision, and often change during the course of the study
They avoid terminology such as “cause” or
“relate,” because these words suggest an
expected outcome and instead use “discover,” “inquire,” “describe,” and “explore.”
Consistent with an exploratory perspective, they tend to begin with “what” or “how,” rather than “why.”

Question 10

How are participants and settings selected in qualitative research?

Answer 10

Takes a naturalistic approach
Qualitative sampling is often an ongoing process that is linked to data collection.
Sampling continues until the emergent themes are fully developed and data saturation is reached.
Uses purposive sampling, in which study participants and settings are selected for a purpose or a specific reason.
In snowball sampling, the initial participants are asked to recruit additional participants from their own social networks.
Theoretical sampling is used when the goal of the study is to construct a new theory.

Question 11

What are the methods of data collection in qualitative research?

Answer 11

Qualitative research occurs in a real-
world environment using naturalistic observation (events are observed as they naturally occur).
A fundamental method of data collection in qualitative research is the open-ended interview.
Focus groups
Artifacts
Field notes
Participant observation
Photovoice

Question 12

What is a focus group?

Answer 12

allows multiple individuals to be
interviewed at once to target a specific topic

Question 13

What are artifacts?

Answer 13

objects that provide information about the subject of interest

Question 14

What is the focus when recording observations in the form of field notes?

Answer 14

watching and listening, and they describe both what is seen and the researcher’s impressions

Question 15

What is participant observation?

Answer 15

the researcher engages with participants during their naturally occurring activities to gain a more in-depth understanding of the situation

Question 16

What is photovoice?

Answer 16

participants take photographs and write accompanying narratives to answer specific questions

Question 17

How is data analyzed in qualitative research?

Answer 17

Qualitative data analysis begins by looking at data in its original form (e.g., interview transcripts or field notes), then coding the data to elicit themes and/or annotating documents.
It is inductive, with themes emerging from the data
Data analysis and data collection are iterative processes: as data is collected, it is analyzed, and this analysis leads to decisions about the need to collect more data and/or recruit new participants.
It is a lengthy process that involves identifying patterns within the data that can be categorized for easy retrieval.
During the process of coding, a codebook is
created that includes a list of all the codes with operational definitions to enhance the rigor of the data analysis process.
The results section of a qualitative study reports the themes, describes what the themes mean, and often illustrates the themes through actual quotations from the study participants.

Question 18

What qualitative designs are most commonly used in healthcare research?

Answer 18

phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, narrative, and participatory

Question 19

What is the purpose of phenomenology?

Answer 19

to understand and describe the lived experience from the point of view of the research participant.
‒ Particularly useful for situations that are poorly defined or potentially misunderstood, such as the process of coming to terms with a particular diagnosis or the client’s perspective of the therapy experience
- the researcher’s assumptions are identified and bracketed by keeping a diary or concept mapping to identify preconceived ideas about a phenomenon, then keeping these biases in abeyance while collecting and interpreting qualitative data.

Question 20

What is the purpose of grounded theory?

Answer 20

to develop new theories from the data collected.
‒ Uses the constant comparative method: instead of waiting until all data have been collected, some data are collected, and an analysis is performed to determine how more is needed
‒ Data analysis in grounded theory research starts with open coding (identifying simple categories within the data), then the categories are brought together in axial coding (identifies relationships between categories), and lastly selective coding involves the articulation of a theory based on the categories and their relationships.

Question 21

What is the purpose of ethnography?

Answer 21

To describe a group of people, their behaviors, and/or their culture.
‒ Participants are generally referred to as informants because they provide the researcher with an insider perspective.
- After collecting data, the ethnographer
spends time outside of the field to reflect on the experience and analyze the data.

Question 22

What is narrative research?

Answer 22

Narrative research can be characterized as storytelling, which involves remembrances, retrospectives, and constructions that may focus on the recounting of an event or series of events, often in chronological order.
‒ Narrative research often appears more literary than other forms of qualitative research, and it is not unusual for a narrative research article to contain a story line or plot.
- Data collection is complex: unstructured or semi-structured interviews and the collection of artifacts, in the form of
journals and letters are a major source of data, and some extensive narratives take the form of a life history, in which an
individual’s life over an extended period of time is examined.

Question 23

What is participatory research?

Answer 23

A critical group is given voice to represent their own interests and values and then to act on that information.
‒ Participants have more control over the research process and are involved in activities such as defining the study focus, recruitment, developing interview guides, analyzing data, developing themes, and disseminating the findings.

Question 24

Describe phenomenology (short version).

Answer 24

Describes the lived experience through interviews, focus groups, observation, and bracketing.
Results describe the phenomena

Question 25

Describe grounded theory (short version).

Answer 25

Develops a theory that is derived from data using interviews, focus groups, observation, and constant comparative methods.
Results in a theory to explain the data.

Question 26

Describe ethnography (short version).

Answer 26

Describes a group of people or culture through immersion in the field, participation in the culture, or examination of articfacts.
Results in description of a culture and/or theory about that culture.

Question 27

Describe narrative research (short version).

Answer 27

Tells a story through in-depth interviews and the collection of artifacts.
Results in the construction of a coherent story.

Question 28

Describe participatory research (short version).

Answer 28

Gives a voice and power to a group using any qualitative or quantitative method.
Results in new knowledge and action based on that knowledge.

Question 29

What is mixed-methods research?

Answer 29

Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to increase the breadth and depth of understanding of a research problem.
‒ Merging data
- With connecting data, one set of data is used to inform a second set of data, often chronologically (e.g., qualitative data may be used to develop items for a quantitative measure, which is then examined for reliability and validity).
- Embedding data

Question 30

What does merging data in mixed-methods research involve?

Answer 30

Reporting quantitative and qualitative data together (e.g., themes and quotes are supported by quantitative statistics).

Question 31

What does embedding data in mixed-methods research involve?

Answer 31

One dataset as the primary source of information and a second dataset that serves as a supplement (e.g., quantitative efficacy study may be supplemented with qualitative data on the experience of the participants)

Question 32

How do you find qualitative research?

Answer 32

enter SPIDER key words into a database, using this format: [S AND PI] AND [(D OR E) AND R]

Question 33

What is the S in SPIDER?

Answer 33

sample (instead of population, because
qualitative research includes smaller groups and is less concerned with generalization)

Question 34

What is the PI in SPIDER?

Answer 34

phenomenon of interest (qualitative
research is a type of descriptive study and often does not include an intervention)

Question 35

What is the D in SPIDER?

Answer 35

design (knowing the design assists the evidence-based practitioner in evaluating the strength of the study)

Question 36

What is the E in SPIDER?

Answer 36

evaluation (qualitative research often relies
on subjective constructs)

Question 37

What is the R in SPIDER?

Answer 37

research type (allows for the inclusion of
mixed methods studies)