Review posters 26/04/2016 Flashcards
Name the three types of joints.
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints.
Name the three subtypes of fibrous joints.
Sutures, fontanelles and syndesmoses.
Describe each of the three subtypes of fibrous joints.
Syndesmoses- bones joined together by fibrous sheet. Example: between tibia and fibia (interosseuss membrane).
Sutures- joints between bones of the skull. Highly stable.
Fontanelles- wide sutures in the neonatal skull. Allow sliding of the plates.
Name the two subtypes of cartilaginous joints.
Primary cartilaginous (synchondroses) Secondary cartilaginous (symphyses)
Describe each of the subtypes of secondary cartilaginous joints.
Primary cartilaginous- bones joined by hyaline cartilage (permit growth in bone shaft). Example- head of femur.
Secondary cartilaginous- fibrocartilage, strong, slightly movable. Example- intervertebral discs.
Describe the features of a synovial joint.
Contain hyaline cartilage between articular surfaces
Two or more bones articulating together
Have a joint cavity which contains lubricating fluid.
Supported by ligaments
Associated with bursae- prevent friction around the joint.
Name the 5 subtypes of synovial joints.
Ball and socket. Plane Biaxial Hinge Pivot
Describe each of these.
Pivot- shaking of the head movement. Allows 45 degree rotation.
Ball and socket- hip joint. Permits movement on several axis.
Biaxial- allows a reasonable range of movement in one plane and a limited range in another.
Plane- sliding movement. Minimal movement in one plane
Hinge- Permit flexion and extension e.g. elbow joint.
Describe the ventilation perfusion relationship in the situation of a decreased perfusion.
Large airflow- decreased blood flow.
Increased O2 in alveoli. Causes relaxation of local pulmonary arterial smooth muscle. Blood vessels dilate. Increased blood flow.
Decreased CO2 in alveoli. Causes contraction of airway smooth muscle. Increases resistance. Decreases airflow.
Describe the ventilation perfusion relationship in the scenario of decreased airflow.
Decreased airflow- increased CO2 in alveoli. Causes relaxation of local pulmonary smooth muscle. Therefore airways dilate, decreased resistance and increased airflow.
Increased perfusion- less O2 in alveoli. Causes contraction of local pulmonary arterial smooth muscle. Constriction of vessel. Decreased perfusion.
Pneumothorax
Air in the pleural space.
Why might a patient have a simple pneumothorax?
Rupture of pleural blebs. COPD Asthma Carcinoma Lung abcesses
What are pleural blebs?
Small blister like airsacs in the pleural space.
Describe the symptoms of a tension pneumothorax
Tachycardia Hypoxia Unilateral pleuritic pain Palor Shortness of breath ACUTE
Treatment of a tension pneumothorax (also treatment for medium and large pneumothorax’s).
Aspiration. check for recurrence. If recurred, intercostal drain 5th intercostal space mid axillary line. If tube bubbling Surgery
Treatment of a simple pneumothorax
If asymptomatic- monitor and avoid strenuous exercise. Observe at two weekly intervals until air is reabsorbed.
Most common type of oesophageal tumour.
Adenocarcinoma
What are the causes of adenocarcinomas in the oesophagus?
Most likely due to reflux disorders such as Barrets oesophagus or GORD. Occurs in columnar epithelium.
What are the causes of squamous cell carcinomas in the oesophagus?
Alcohol and smoking
Symptoms of oesophageal tumours.
Dysphagia Odynophagia Haematemisis Weight loss Anorexia
Prevention of oesophageal tumours.
High fibre diet
High vitamin C
High folate
Investigations into oesophageal tumours.
Endoscopy
Ct scan
Barium swallow
Treatment of oesophageal tumours
Surgical (curative)- has to be no metastases and the patient has to be fit.
Palliative care
Radical chemotherapy
