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Posters > Review posters 19/05/2016 > Flashcards

Review posters 19/05/2016 Flashcards

1
Q

Three closing of the mouth muscles

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid

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2
Q

Name the attachments of the jaw closing muscles

A

Temporalis- temporal fossa to the coronoid process of the mandible
Medial pterygoid- angle of mandible to the pterygoid plates on the sphenoid bone
Masseter- angle of mandible to the zygomatic arch

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3
Q

Jaw opening muscle and its attachment

A

Lateral pterygoid- condyle process of mandible to pterygoid plates on sphenoid bone.

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4
Q

Describe the nervous innervation of the mouth, nasal cavities, oro and laryngopharnx, glands etc.

A

CN V1 supplies the anterior part of the nasal cavity
CN V2 supplies the posterior part of the nasal cavity
CN V2 also supplies the superior half of the mouth
CN IX supplies the nasopharynx and oropharnx along with the parotid gland.
CN X supplies the layngopharynx and trachae
CN VII supplies both the sublingual and submandibular gland.
The tongue- anterior 2/3rds supplied by CN V3. Posterior 2/3rds supplied by CNX

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5
Q

Name the four external muscles of the tongue

A

Hyoglossus- posteriorly under the tongue
Genoglossus- big ass muscle under the tongue
Palatoglossus- attaches to the roof of the mouth then onto the tongue
Styloglossus- attaches towards the back of the roof of the mouth onto the tongue.

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6
Q

What are the external muscles of the tongue responsible for?

A

Position of the tongue

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7
Q

What are internal muscles of the tongue responsible for?

A

Shape of the tongue

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8
Q

Which nerves supplies the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

CN XII

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9
Q

Muscles of the pharynx

A

Internal longtidinal muscles- allow the movement of the larynx upwards closing the laryngeal inlet
External constrictor muscles- overlap each other and contract sequentially. Divided into superior, middle and inferior.

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10
Q

Constrictor muscles are supplied by?

A

Cranial nerve X

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11
Q

Longitudinal muscles supplied by?

A

Cranial nerve IX and X

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12
Q

Which muscle closes the lips and which nerve is it supplied by?

A

Orbicular oris and supplied by CN VII

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13
Q

Describe the process of swallowing

A 
Lips close (orbicular oris muscle)
Tongue pushes bolus of food backwards towards oropharynx
Sequential contraction of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles to push food bolus inferiorly
At the same time the inner longitudinal muscles shorten, closing the laryngeal inlet.
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14
Q

Location of upper oesophageal sphincter

A

c6

Called the cricopharyngeus

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15
Q

Roth spots

A

Retinal haemorrhage- due to bacterial endocarditis

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16
Q

Quincke’s sign

A

Alternate flushing and blanching of the nail bed due to pulsation of sub-pappillary arteriolar and cappilary nail beds.
Sign of aortic valve insufficiency

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17
Q

Oslers nodes

A

Painful nodules on the pulp of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes.
Caused by bacterial endocarditis

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18
Q

Kartagener syndrome

A

Rare genetic ciliopathy of the cilia lining the respiratory tract
Abnormal ciliary action can cause chronic sinusitis and bronchitis

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19
Q

Raised J waves

A

Hyperthermia

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20
Q

Aortic co-arctation

A

Best heard left of the scapula

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21
Q

Wilsons disease

A

Copper deposits- familial condition. May be associated with dementia

22
Q

Features common in all eukaryotic cells

A 
An outer membrane
An inner cytosol
A cytoskeleton 
Membrane bound organelles
Inclusions
23
Q

The plasmalemma

A

Seperates the cytoplasm from the outside environment. Bimolecular layer of amphipathic molecules.

24
Q

Membrane proteins in the plasmalemma

A

Can diffuse laterally however are anchored down. Therefore protein distribution may be uneven.

25
Q

Inclusions

A

Dispensible and may be present only transiently. Represent components that have been synthesised by the cell itself.

26
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

27
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made of actin fibres. Can assemble and desemble quiclly. Very dynamic

28
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Composed of 6 main proteins. Bind intracellular elements together in the plasmalemma

29
Q

Microtubules

A

Composed of two tubulin subunits, alpha and beta. Originate from a centrosome and grow towards the periphery. Act as the motorway network of the cell. Two proteins, dynein and kinesin associate with organelles or molecules and drag them. Kinesin moves towards the periphery whereas dynein moves towards the centre.

30
Q

The nucleus

A

Contains chromosomes and is the location of RNA synthesis

Enclosed by two membranes with nuclear pores. Between the two membranes is a perinuclear cistern.
The outer nuclear membrane is studded with ribosomes.

31
Q

Euchromarin

A

DNA undergoing transcription

32
Q

Heterochromatin

A

DNA that is condensed and not undergoing transcription

33
Q

Ribosomes

A

Formed in the nucleolus and are instrumental in protein synthesis. HAs both large and small subunits.

34
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Associated with protein synthesis and the initiation of glycoprotein formation.

35
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis of lipids

Processes proteins

36
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packaging and modification of proteins

37
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce ATP

Cristae are the internal folds

38
Q

Endocytosis

A

Membrane invaginates- fuses making a vesicle.

39
Q

Two types of stroke

A

Ischaemic or haemorrhagic

40
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Acute onset of focal neurological symptoms and signs. Due to disruption of blood supply.

41
Q

Ischaemic stroke

A

Thrombotic, embolism, hypoperfusion

42
Q

Virchows triad

A

Blood stasis
Endothelial injury
Hypercoaguble state

43
Q

Haemorrhagic stroke

A

Burst blood vessel. Could be due to weakened blood vessel walls in aneurysms or in arteriovenous malformations.
OR inflammation of the vessel wall due to vasculitis.

44
Q

Risk factors for stroke (non modifiable)

A 
Age
Family history
Gender
Race
Previous stroke
45
Q

Risk factors for stroke (modifiable)

A 
Hypertension
Hyperlipidaemia
Diabetes
Atrial fibrillation
Congestive heart failure
Alcohol excess
Obesity
Physical inactivity 
Poor socioeconomic status
Smoking.
46
Q

Stroke mimics

A

Hypoglycaemia
Siezure
Migraine
Space occupying lesions such as tumours.

47
Q

History and examination

A

Any signs of AF

Neurological examination to find out which type of stroke.

48
Q

Investigations into stroke

A

Brain imaging- only way to tell which type of stroke
MRI with DWI
MRI with GRE
CT brain +/- angiography
In ischaemic stroke- investigations directed to find the cause of thrombosis or embolism.

49
Q

Cardioembolism

A

Infarcts in more than one arterial territory

50
Q

Atheroembolism

A

Infarcts in the same side as the effected carotid artery

51
Q

TIA

A

Focal neurological lesions that resolve within 24 hours.

52
Q

Management of stroke

A 
Aspiring 75mg
Dipyridamole 200mg BD
Statins 
In AF- anticoagulation
Control hypertension

Surgical management
Haematoma evacuation
Releif of raised intracranial pressurre.

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