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Posters > Review of posters 24/04/2016 > Flashcards

Review of posters 24/04/2016 Flashcards

1
Q

Investigations into lung cancer.

A

CXR

CT scan of the thorax

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2
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

The bronchial walls are abnormally and permanently dilated. It occurs when they become inflamed-thickened and irreversibly damaged. The mucocillary escalator becomes impaired and recurrent infections ensue.

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3
Q

Symptoms of bronchiectasis

A 
Halitosis (bad breath)
Haemoptysis
Production of clear, thick sputum in mild-moderate cases. Thick khaki coloured sputum in serious cases. 
Finger clubbing
Breathlessness
Crackles
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4
Q

Treatment of bronchiectasis

A 
Postural drainage (3 x daily) 10-20 mins/time
Antibiotics in mild cases 
Intermittent chemotherapy with cefactor 500mg daily
Cloxacillin 500mg- 6hourly in staph aureus cases.
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5
Q

Investigations into bronchiectasis

A

CT and CXR. Both will show blood vessels thicker than airways.

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6
Q

Genetics of CF

A

Defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Means chlorine, and subsequently sodium and water, won’t move into the sweat and mucus.
Autosomal recessive inherited gene.

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7
Q

Symptoms of CF

A 
weight loss (failure to thrive)
Recurrent infections
Breathlessness
Pancreatic deficiency (steatorrhoea)
Absent vas deferens and epidymus 
Possible haemoptysis
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8
Q

Treatment of CF

A

Vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal infections
Antibiotics for exacerbations
SABA and inhaled corticosteroid to reduce symptoms
Oxygen therapy
Physiotherapy
Highly calorific diet
Inhalation of recombinant DNA

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9
Q

Obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Closure of the airways at night due to unfavourable pressure and low muscle tone (hypotonic muscle) causing increasing hypoxia until the person is woken up.

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10
Q

Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Daytime sleepiness and fatigue

Snore-silence-snore cycle

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11
Q

Pre-disposing factor of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Obesity
Alcohol
Strong analgesics or sedatives

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12
Q

Investigations into OSA

A

24 hour monitoring of O2- should show peaks and troughs
Peak flow recordings
ECG

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13
Q

Which monomers make up starch?

A

Amylase and amylopectin

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14
Q

How much carbohydrate are you supposed to eat a day?

A

400g

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15
Q

Name another source of protein (other than food).

A

Endogenous sources such as the breakdown of enzymes

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16
Q

How much protein are you supposed to eat per day?

A

70-100g

17
Q

What makes up lipids?

A 
Triglycerides
Free fatty acids
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Lipid vitamins
18
Q

Where are the parotid glands located?

A

Anterior to the ear, inferior to the zygomatic arch.

19
Q

Where do secretions from the parotid glands enter the mouth?

A

Opposite the second maxillary molar.

20
Q

Name the duct associated with the submandibular glands and the position of these glands.

A

Duct of Wharton

Medial to the body of the mandible

21
Q

Name the position of the sublingual glands, and the ducts associated with these.

A

Medial to the submandibular glands. Duct of Ruvinus and common Bartholin connect with the duct of Wharton

22
Q

Name the functions of the saliva

A

Bicarbonate ions, phosphate and mucus buffer bacterial metabolic acids.
Lysozyme digest bacterial cell walls
IgA contributes to immunity
Alpha amylase cleaves glycosidic 1-4 bonds.

23
Q

Name the functional unit of salivary glands

A

Salivons (contained within lobules)

24
Q

Describe the nervous innervation of the salivary gland and how secretion is stimulated.

A

Chemo-mechano receptors in the mouth are triggered by the presence of food. Afferent fibres lead back to the nucleus tractus solitares. A message is then passed on to the salivary nuclei in the medulla which stimulates salivary glands.

25
Q

If an individual smells food, name the nervous stimulation pathway that leads to salivary production?

A

Acquired activation sends APs to the cerebral cortex, stimulates salivary centre in the medulla which stimulates saliva secretion.

26
Q

What epithelium covers the oral cavity, laryngopharynx and oropharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium that is not keritanised.

27
Q

What epithelium covers the nasal cavity and respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory epithelium

28
Q

Name the 3 layers of the mucosa

A 
Mucosa- epithelium (sits on basal lamina)
Lamina propia (loose connective tissue)
Muscularis mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle)
29
Q

Name the 4 layers of the gut lining

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

30
Q

Describe the four layers of gut lining

A

Mucosa- 3 layers. Epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae
Submucosa- loose connective tissue
Muscularis externa- made up of an inner circular muscle layer and an outer longitudinal muscle layer.
Serosa (or adventitia)- outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends the digestive tract or attaches it to other organs.

31
Q

Name the 5 regions of the stomach

A

Fundus- bit above the connection between oesophagus
cardia- just where the oesophagus meets it
Body- main part
Pylorus- near pyloric sphincter
Antrum-between body and pylorus.

32
Q

Describe the gastro-oesophageal junction

A

Change from stratified squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium.

33
Q

Describe the gastro-duodenal junction

A

Inner circular muscle becomes thicker to form pyloric sphincter.

34
Q

Describe the cells of the small intestine

A

Enterocytes- tall, columnar cells with a brush border. Principle absorptive cell!!!
Goblet cells- produce mucin to protect epithelium and lubricate passage
Paneth cells- Found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn- defensive function. Play a role in regulation of bacterial flora.
Neuroendocrine cells- Produce hormones that contribute to the control of secretion. (CCK, gastrin, Vasoactive intestinal peptide)
Stem cells- divide to replenish epithelium

35
Q

Name the cells in the large intestine

A

Absorbtive cells- removal of salts (and subsequently water)

Goblet cells- secrete mucus to ease passage.

36
Q

How can you distinguish between the duodenum, jejunum and ileum?

A

Duodenum- brunners glands (secrete a thin alkaline mucus to neutralise acidic chyme) in the submucosa
Jejunum- tallest villi, located on permanent circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa called plicae circularis
Ileum- Peyers patches (aggregations of lymphoid follicles often extending into the lamina propria).

37
Q

Which cells release the primary secretion of saliva?

A

Acinar

38
Q

Which cells do the secondary modification of saliva?

A

Duct cells

39
Q

What occurs in the secondary modification of saliva?

A

Removal of Na+ and Cl-, insertion of bicarbonate and K+

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