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Posters > Review posters 05/05/2016 > Flashcards

Review posters 05/05/2016 Flashcards

1
Q

Marfans genetics

A

Autosomal dominant inherited disorder
Defect on the MFS1 gene for fibrillin.
Diagnosis based on family linkage and mutations found.

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2
Q

Marfans appearence

A

Tall, thin (usually man) with long arms, legs and fingers.

High arched palette, retinal detachment/lens dislocation.

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3
Q

Cardiac implications of Marfans

A

Often have abdominal aortic aneurysms. Lots of patients also have arrhythmias. Also mitral valve regurgitation along with mitral valve stenosis.

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4
Q

Management of Marfans.

A

Beta blocker- stops further dilatation of the aorta
ACE inhibitor. In marfans TNF beta is upregulated. ACE inhibitors stop this.
Lifestyle advice- avoid prolonged strenuous exercise such as cross country running.

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5
Q

Monitoring

A

Dilatation monitored until greater than 5.5cm in diameter- then it is surgically removed.

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6
Q

The common cold (acute coryza)

A

Common-

Most commonly caused by rhinovirus.

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7
Q

Symptoms of coryza

A 
Watery nasal discharge
Or blocked nose
Sneezing
Sore throat
Tiredness
Slight fever
Malaise
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8
Q

How is the common cold spread?

A

Direct contact

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9
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx

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10
Q

Symptoms of pharyngitis

A

Sore throat
Oropharynx and soft palette are redenned.
Tonsils are inflamed and swollen.

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11
Q

Treatment of pharyngitis

A

Self limiting

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12
Q

What most commonly causes pharyngitis?

A

Adenovirus

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13
Q

Epiglottis

A

Inflammation of the epiglottis- blocks trachea

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14
Q

Symptoms of epiglottitis

A

Increasing difficulty breathing- acute air flow obstruction
Hypoxia
Epiglottis is large and inflamed
Extreme illness

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15
Q

What do you do with a case of epiglottitis?

A

Leave the mouth alone- no examination, no looking- any of these may make it more inflamed worsening the obstruction.
CALL AN AMBULANCE- medical emergency.

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16
Q

Influenza

A

Could be influenza A or B

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17
Q

Which influenza strain is responsible for possible worldwide pandemics?

A

Influenza A

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18
Q

Symptoms of influenza infection

A

Fever
Shivering
Generalised aches

Followed by a severe headache, dry cough and sore throat. Possibly accompanied with diarrhoea.

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19
Q

What is the incubation period for influenza?

A

1-3 days

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20
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the sinus’s

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21
Q

Symptoms of sinusitis

A 
Blocked nose (due to the channels from the sinuses being blocked by inflammation 
Watery discharge
Painful headache that may spread to the cheeks, eyes and forehead.
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22
Q

Treatment of sinusitis

A

Usually self limiting- however may need assistance with antibiotics.

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23
Q

Diptheria

A

Contagious bacterial infection.

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24
Q

How is diptheria spread?

A

By direct contact, contact with an infected surroundings or touching something that the infected individual has touched.

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25
Q

Symptoms of diptheria

A

Grey/black coating at the back of the mouth
Fever
Sore throat
Breathing difficulties

26
Q

Treatment

A

Antibiotics and antitoxins.

27
Q

Rhinitis

A

Two types, seasonal or persistent (perrenial)

28
Q

Seasonal rhinitis

A 
Hayfever- 
Itchy eyes
Itchy soft palate
Sneezing
Watery nasal discharge
29
Q

Allergic rhinitis

A

Most commonly to dust mites that live in the house. Could also be to household pets saliva.

30
Q

Name the three types of persistent rhinitis.

A

Allergic, non-allergic eosinophilia, vasomotor rhinitis

31
Q

Non-allergic eosinophilia

A

No extrinsic cause.

eosinophillic granulocytes present in nasal discharge

32
Q

Vasomotor rhinitis

A

Occurs when come into contact with cold air, smoke etc. Due to a nervous response.

33
Q

Treatment of rhinitis

A

Antihistamines
Sodium cromoglycate (anti-inflammatory)
Corticosteroids
Avoidance of irritant

34
Q

Laryngitis symptoms

A

Hoarse throat
Barking cough
Audible stridor
Progressive airway obstruction

35
Q

Obstruction

A

Most likely to be in right main bronchus.

36
Q

Treatment of influenza A/B

A

Paracetamol and bed rest

37
Q

The term pneumocoinosis refers to which occupational lung disorders?

A

Coal workers lung
Silicosis
Beryliosis
Asbestosis

38
Q

The term hypersensitivity pneumonitis encompasses which occupational lung disorders?

A

Farmers lung
Bird fanciers lung
Cheese workers lung

39
Q

Coal workers lung

A

Two types- simple pneumocoinosis or progressive massive fibrosis

40
Q

Simple pneumocoinosis

A

Dust particles from coal get into the lung. The more exposure to these duct particles, the more likely you are to develop pneumocoinosis.

41
Q

Catagories of simple pneumocoinosis

A

1) small round nodular opacities relatively few in number
2) Small round nodular opacities in numerous quantities however lung markings still visible
3) Small round nodular opacities numerous in quantity- lung markings not visible,

42
Q

Progressive massive fibrosis

A

Develops from simple pneumocoinosis.
Round masses are developed several centimetres in diameter.
Sometimes have necrotic centres

43
Q

What would a lung function test of someone with progressive massive fibrosis show?

A

Restrictive and obstructive properties.

44
Q

Symptoms of progressive massive fibrosis

A

Considerable SOB
Cough
Sputum may be black.

45
Q

Silicosis

A

Silica fibres inside the lung
Particularly toxic to alveolar macrophages
Increased risk of TB

46
Q

Signs of silicosis

A

Eggshell calcification around the hilar regions

47
Q

Asbestosis

A

Inhalation of asbestos fibres
These deposit in the tissues in the lung.
White blood cells then take up the particles- causing inflammation.

48
Q

Types of asbestos

A

Crysotile- white (least fibrinogenic) (90%)
Croicodolite- blue (most fibrinogenic) (6%)
amosite (4%)

49
Q

Relationship between asbestos and smoking

A

Synergistic

50
Q

Mesothelioma

A

Cancer of the mesothelial cells (cells of the pleura that secrete the intrapleural fluid)
Related to asbestos exposure

51
Q

Symptoms of mesothelioma

A

Chest wall pain

Pleural effusion

52
Q

Byssinosis

A

Exposure to cotton wool dust

“Monday sickness”- worse when you’ve had a break from it and gets better throughout the week.

53
Q

Berylliosis

A

Egg shell calcification
Inhalation of beryllium (copper alloy)
Clinical picture similar to sarcoidosis

54
Q

Risk factors for PE

A 
Contraceptive pill
Pregnancy
Obesity
Trauma
Malignancy
Pelvic obstruction
Immobility
Recent surgery
Thrombophilia (increased tendency of blood to clot)
55
Q

What is a PE

A

DVT from legs have enlodged in the pulmonary circulation- causing blockage.

56
Q

Symptoms of PE

A 
Pleuritic chest pain
Shortness of breath (acute in onset)
Heamoptysis
Leg pain/swelling
Collapse
57
Q

Signs of PE

A

Hypoxia
Low BP
Tachycardia
Cyanosed

58
Q

Investigations and their findings of PE

A

V/Q mismatch- shows where obstruction is
CT pulmonary angiogram- could do the same
Chest X-ray- normal
D-dimers raised
Leg- ultrasound may show atherosclerotic plaque

59
Q

Treatment of PE

A

Warfarin
Low molecular weight heparin
Aspirin/clopidogrel

60
Q

Prevention of further PE’s occuring

A

Early mobilisation after operations
TED compression stockings
Novel anticoagulant e.g. dabigatran

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