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Anatomy Module IV > Review of Suprahyoid Region, Facial Muscles and Parotid Gland > Flashcards

Review of Suprahyoid Region, Facial Muscles and Parotid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

mylohyoid muscles

attachment innervation

A

attachment suprahyoid muscle

mylohyoid line of the mandible to the hyoid bone

innervated by the nerve to the mylohyoid

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2
Q

geniohyoid

attachment innervation

A

attachment deep to the mylohyoid and attaches at the mental spine of the mandible –> to the hyoid
innervation - C1 via the hypoglossal nerve

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3
Q

Digastric
attachment innervation
+ regions

A

attachment of anterior: digastric fossa of the mandible
posterior: mastoid notch (temporal bone? i think)
MEET AT THE INTERMEDIATE TENDON TO ATTACH ON THE HYOID
innervation is different for anterior and posterior
anterior = nerve to mylohyoid
posterior innervation = facial nerve

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4
Q

stylohyoid

attachment innervation

A

attachment : styloid process of temporal bone to the hyoid

innervation : facial nerve

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5
Q

function of the suprahyoid muscles

A

collectively, the suprahyoids make up a significant part of the floor of the mouth and elevate the hyoid and larynx

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6
Q

hypoglossal nerve

course

A

CN XII
leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal and descends almost vertically in the neck to a level just below the angle of the mandible
here (just below angle of mandible) angles sharply forward and crosses the external carotid artery
it continues forward and crosses the lingual artery
the hypoglossal travels DEEP to the mylohyoid muscle to reach the tongue

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7
Q

hypoglossal location in relation to the mylohyoid muscle

A

can be found DEEP to this muscle

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8
Q

location of muscles of facial expression

A

facial muscles - are in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior and posterior scalp, face, and neck

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9
Q

most muscles of facial expression attach where

A

to bone or fascia and produce their effects by pulling the skin

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10
Q

development of muscles of facial expression

A

all develop from the mesoderm in the SECOND PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

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11
Q

CLINICAL NOTE; FACIAL SWELLING

A

The face has no distinct deep fascia and the subcutaneous tissue between the cutaneous attachments of the facial muscles is loose
the looseness of the subcutaneous tissue ENABLES FLUID AND BLOOD TO ACCUMULATE IN THE LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- swelling is evident after removal of wisdom teeth

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12
Q

occipitofrontalis
Attachment
Action
Innervation

A

occipitofrontals is a flat digastric muscle, with occipital and frontal bellies that share a common tendon, the epicranial aponeurosis

occipital belly attaches to the superior nuchal line

the frontal belly inserts into the skin and subcutaneous tissue of eyebrows and forehead

Action: independent contraction of the occipital belly retracts the scalp and contraction of the frontal belly protracts it

innervation:
occipital belly - posterior auricular branch of facial nerve
frontal belly - temporal branches of facial nerve

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13
Q

epicranial aponeurosis

A

common tendon of the occipital and the frontal bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle
(facial expression muscle)
- broad, strong, tendinous sheet that serves as the attachment for the occipitofrontalis

this is avascular and considered LAYER 3 of the scalp (5 total layers)

there is a lot of tension here so if laceration occurs on the skull –> will have a pretty big gap

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14
Q

5 layers of the scalp

A
  1. skin
  2. connective tissue
  3. epicranial aponeurosis (remember avascular)
  4. loose areolar tissue
  5. pericranium

literally spells scalp if use (a) for epicranial aponeurosis

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15
Q

skin layer of scalp

A

thin, except in the occipital region, containing many sweat and subaceous glands and hair follicles

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16
Q

connective tissue layer of the scalp

A

forms the thick, dense, richly vascularized subcutaneous ;ayer that is well supplied with cutaneous nerves

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17
Q

epicranial aponeurosis layer/role in scalp

A

LAYER 3

This broad, strong, tendinous sheet that serves as the attachment for the occipitofrontalis muscle

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18
Q

loose aerolar tissue layer of scalp

A

4th layer

this allows the movement/gliding along of the epicranial aponeurosis

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19
Q

Pericranium

A

layer 5 of the scalp - part of the periosteum

dense layer of connective tissue that forms the external periosteum of the neurocranium

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20
Q

muscles of the mouth, lips, and cheeks

A

Orbicularis oris –> spincter around the mouth

Buccinator in the cheeck

elevators, retractors, and evertors (rotating upwards) of the upper lip

depressors, retractors, and evertors of lower lip

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21
Q 
Orbicularis Oris 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
Description
A

Attachments: Medial maxilla and mandible, and angle of the mouth –> INSERTS within the mucous membrane of the lips

Action: Tonic (resting state of muscle) is closing the mouth/ closes mouth
PHASIC: compresses tand protrudes lips (kissing face)

Innervation : Buccal and marginal mandibular branches of facial nerve

Description : encircles the mouth within the lips, controlling entry and exit through the oral fissure
also important in speech /articulation

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22
Q 
Buccinator 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description : thin, flat rectangular muscle and within a plane that is DEEPER than the other muscles –> because it occupies a deeper, more medially placed plane than the other facial muscles, it passes deep to the mandible so that it is more closely related to the buccal mucosa than the skin of the face (makes sense because in cheek)

Attachments: laterally to the alveolar processes of the maxillae and mandible OPPOSITE THE MOLAR TEETH and to the pterygomandibular raphe

Action : active in smiling, keeps cheek taught –> PREVENTING IT FROM BEING FOLDED OR INJURED IN CHEWING AND KEEPS FOOD BETWEEN TEETH (not looking like a chipmunk when eating) so controlling tension in the lateral cheeks/side of mouth
COMPRESSES CHEECKS AGAINST TEETH AND GUMS

Innervation: BUCCAL BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE

23
Q

Buccinator and pterygomandibular raphe

A

oral cavity is CONTINOUS with space = pharynx behind it –> the anterior of pharynx and the posterior of the oral cavity we have this pterygomandibular raphe AT THE JUNCITON

a tendinous thickening of the buccopharyngeal fascia
anteriorly, its fibers blend with the orbicularis oris muscle fibers meet with eachother
buccinator

24
Q

anterior muscle fibers of the buccinator

A

they ‘mingle’ medially with those of the orbicularis oris, and the tonus of the two muscles COMPRESS CHEECK AND LIPS AGAINST TEETH AND GUMS

25
Q

BUCCINATOR IMPLICATION IN DENTISTRY

A

this muscle (more anterior fibers) along with the orbicularis oris and tongue KEEP FOOD BETWEEN THE OCCLUSAL SURFACES OF THE TEETH during mastication to prevent food from accumulating in the oral vestibule

26
Q

muscle that resists the forces generated by whisteling and sucking

A

buccintor

27
Q

bell’s palsy

A

more dental implications with paralysis to CN VII –> cannot keep food between teeth on one side so more prone to decay

28
Q

Mobius syndrome

A

rare birth defect caused by the absence or underdevelopment of CN 6 and 7
ASSYMETRICAL OF FACIAL EXPRESSION AND SEVERE TOOTH DECAY

  • food is touching outer surface of the teeth and not staying between the occlusal surfaces
29
Q 
Platysma 
Description and where is it located?
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description - broad, thin sheet like / apron of muscle fibers that drape over the upper portion of neck
IN SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE OF THE NECK

Attachments : Subcutaneous tissue of supra and infraclavicular regions –> to the base of the mandible, skin of the cheek, angle of the mouth and orbicularis oris

Action : From superior attachment - tenses the skin, producing vertical skin ridges
Inferior attachment –> helps depress the mandible and draw corners of the mouth inferiorly, as in a grimace

Innervation: Cervical branch of facial nerve

30
Q 
Levator anguli oris muscle 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description
Attachments: ORIGINATES from the canine fossa of the maxilla immediatley INFERIOR to the infraorbital foramen and INSERTS into the angle of the mouth, blending with the fibers of the orbicularis muscle

Action - lifts the angles of the mouth

Innervation : Buccal branch of facial nerve

31
Q 
Depressor anguli oris 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description - triangular muscle

Attachments : FROM the external oblique line of the mandible –> ascending fibers converge at the apex to insert into the angle of the mouth from BELOW AND BLEND with the fibers of the orbicularis oris muscle

Action - pulls on angle of the mouth downward

Innervation - marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

*levators and depressor - if have levator - likely will have depressor opposing the action of the other

32
Q 
Zygomaticus major 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description - snaring facial expression

Attachments ARISES from LATERAL aspect of the zygomatic bone –> fibers angle downward and medially to insert into the angle of the mouth and blend with the orbicularis oris muscle

Action - draws the angle of the mouth upward and backward

Innervation - Bucal branch of the facial nerve + some fibers from zygomatic branch

33
Q 
Zygomaticus minor 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description
Attachments: ARISES from the ANTERIOR aspect of the zygomatic bone –> fibers angle donward and medially to inser into the skin of the UPPER LIP

Action - assists in elevation of the upper lip (since more anterior than the major - not as much into the angle so not bringing lip back as much as it is bringing it up - elavating)

Innervation - buccal branch of the facial nerve

34
Q 
Risorius 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description - thin muscle - more straight and bringing the lips back mainly directly posterior

Attachments: ARISES from parotid and masseteric fascia, and buccal skin –> INSERTS traversely into the angle of the mouth

Action: Retracts the angle of the mouth posteriorly

Innervation: Mandibular and/or buccal branch of the facial nerve
*highly variable

35
Q 
Levator labii superioris 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description
Attachments: originates from the the inferior orbital margin (higher up than the levator anguli oris) –> inserts into UPPER LIP

Action- raise the upper lip

Innervation: Buccal branch of facial nerve

36
Q 
Depressor labii inferioris 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description
Attachments: ARISES from the lowest portion of the oblique line of the mandible –> inserts into the SKIN OF LOWER LIP

Action: depresses the lower lip

Innervation: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

37
Q 
Orbicularis oculi 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description - TWO PORTIONS - Palpebral and Orbital
Attachments ORGINATES from medial orbital margin and lacrimal bone INSERTS into skin around orbit

Action - palpebral portion is BLINKING and Orbital portion is FORCEFUL closing of the eye

Innervation - temporal and zygomatic branches of facial nerve

38
Q 
Corrugator Supercilli
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description -
Attachments: Medial end of supercilliary arch (ridge superior to the supraorbital margin) –> SKIN overlying the supercilliary arch and supraorbital margin

Action - draw the eyebrows medially and inferiorly

Innervation - temporal branch of facial nerve

39
Q 
Mentalis 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description
Attachments: Body of mandible anterior to roots of inferior incisors –> skin of chin

Action - elevates and protrudes lower lip (pouting)

Innervation: Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

40
Q

class II malocclusion

A

there is a small mandible in relation to the maxilla - so the MENTALIS MUSCLE ARE HYPERACTIVE WHEN THE LIPS ARE CLOSED
the dimpling of the chin indicates hyperactive mentalis muscle

  • have to bring lower lip up and forward - almost constant contraction of the mentalis muscle
41
Q

components of nasalis muscle

A

Alar part

Transverse part

42
Q 
Levator labi superioris alaeque nasii and alar part of nasalis 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description
Attachments: Frontal process of maxilla –> alar cartilage

Action: Depress ala laterally –> DIALATES nasal aperture

Innervation: Buccal branch of facial nerve

43
Q 
Procerus and transverse part of nasalis 
Description 
Attachments
Action
Innervation
A

Description
Attachments: Fascia on dorsum of nose and lateral nasal cartilage –> skin of inferior forehead between brows

Action: depresses medial end of brow, wrinkles skin on dorsum of nose

Innervation: buccal branch of faccial nerve

procerus - wrinkles?

44
Q

clinical correlation with nasal muscles (diagnostic value)

A

true NASAL breathers can flare their nostrils distinctly

MOUTH BREATHERS - caused by chronic nasal obstruction, for example, DIMINISHES and sometimes eliminates the ability to flare the nostrils (due to atrophy and disuse of the muscles)

45
Q

children who are chronic mouth breathers?

A

often develop dental MALOCCLUSION (improper bite) because the alignment of the teeth is maintained to a large degree by normal periods of occlusion and labial closure

46
Q

Parotid Gland enclosed in?

A

tough fascial capsule –> PAROTID SHEATH derived from the INVESTING LAYER OF DEEP CERVICAL FASCIA

47
Q

embedded in the parotid gland superficial to deep?

A

Parotid plexus of the facial nerve (CN VII) and its branches
Retromandibular vein
External Carotid Artery

*surgery to this area is risky due to all of the stuff passing through the duct

nerve artery and vein similar to the carotid sheath we talked about before

48
Q

parotid gland shape and details

A

parotid gland has an irregular shape because the area is occupied by the gland, the PAROTID BED, is ANTERIOINFERIOR TO THE EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS –> where it is wedged between the ramus of the mandible and the mastoid process (of temporal bone) (most is superficial but kind of cups posterior aspect

Fatty tissue between the lobes of the gland assures the flexibility the gland must have to accomodate the motion of the mandible

the apex of the parotid gland is posterior to the angle of the mandible and its base is related to the zygomatic arch

49
Q

the parotid duct passes…

A

passes horizontally from the anterior edge of the gland and the anterior border of the masseter–> turns medially–> PIERCES THE BUCCINATOR and enters the oral cavity through a small orifice OPPOSITE THE SECOND MAXILLARY MOLAR

50
Q

T/F parotid lymph nodes are on the parotid sheath and within the gland

A

TRUE

51
Q

opening of the parotid duct into oral cavity

A

long duct connecting to the epithelial surface in the oral cavity
opening is OPPOSITE second maxillary molar

52
Q

trunks of the facial nerve that give rise to the parotid plexus

A

temporofacial and cervicofacial trunks of the facial nerve give rise to the parotid plexus

53
Q

five terminal branches of parotid plexus TYPICALLY emerge as ….
*variations exist

A

Temporofacial trunk—> gives rise to temporal, zygomatic, and buccal branches

Cervicofacial trunk –> gives rise to buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches

discrepancy seen most in buccal branch fibers origin

Anatomy Module IV (12 decks)

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