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Anatomy Module IV > Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of the Face and Head > Flashcards

Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of the Face and Head Flashcards

1
Q

Left common carotid

A

DIRECT branch off of the aortic arch

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2
Q

Right common carotid

A

one of the two terminal branches from the brachiocephalic trunk

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3
Q

bifurcation of the common carotid artery/ course of it

A

common carotid artery ascends within the neck to the SUPERIOR BORDER of the THYROID CARTILAGE @ C3/4 VERTEBRAL LEVEL

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4
Q

bifurcation of the common carotid artery into?

A

Internal and External carotid artery

AT THE SUPERIOR BORDER OF THE THYROID CARTILAGE C3-4 LEVEL

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5
Q

orientation of the carotid sheath

A

common carotid artery is MEDIAL to internal jugular vein. the vagus nerve is positioned POSTERIORLY between the artery and vein –> all 3 of these structures are located in the carotid sheath

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6
Q

internal carotid artery position

A

passes DEEP to the posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoid muscles

ascends ANTERIOR to the transverse processes of C1-C3 to reach the base of the skull –> here it passes into the CAROTID CANAL (within the petrous portion of temporal bone) to reach the cranial cavity /middle cranial fossa

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7
Q

hypoglossal nerve and relationship with internal and external carotid artery

A

hypoglossal nerve CROSSES the internal/external carotid arteries.
so it passes SUPERFICIAL to both the internal and external carotid arteries

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8
Q

T/F the internal carotid artery has no branches in the neck region

A

TRUE

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9
Q

internal carotid artery is major source of blood to what?

A

Brain and orbit - a lot of anterior portions

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10
Q

four parts of the internal carotid artery

A
  1. Cervical Part
  2. Petrous Part
  3. Cavernous
  4. Cerebral
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11
Q

Cervical Part of the carotid artery

A

bifurcation of the common carotid artery to lower end of the carotid canal

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12
Q

Petrous part of ICA

A

passes through the carotid canal (in petrous temporal bone)

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13
Q

Cavernous part of ICA

A

3rd part

courses through the caverous sinus (along the body of the sphenoid)

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14
Q

Cerebral part of ICA

A

4th part
After piercing the dura (near the anterior clinoid process) the ICA gives off the OPTHALAMIC ARTERY BEFORE terminating as the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery

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15
Q

opthalamic artery

A

emerges from the internal carotid immediately upon leaving the cavernous sinus

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16
Q

how does opthalamic artery enter orbit?

A

through the optic canal

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17
Q

what does the opthalmic artery give rise to?

A

ciliiary arteries, ethoidal arteries, muscular branches–> including two that PASS TO THE FOREHEAD –> supraorbital artery
supratrochlear artery

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18
Q

branches from opthalmaic artery that pass to the forehead region

A

Supraorbital

Supratrochlear arteries

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19
Q

relation of the supraorbital artery and the supratrochlear artery

A

the supratrochlear artery is more MEDIAL and the supraorbital is above the bony orbit and lateral to the supratrochlear

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20
Q

Course of the external carotid artery

A

passes deep to the posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoid muscles
courses POSTERIOR TO THE RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE where it is EMBEDDED in the parotid gland

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21
Q

main supply of the external carotid artery

A

the external carotid artery and its branches mainly supply structures EXTERNAL to the skull (exceptions exist –> middle meningeal artery)

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22
Q

T/F the external carotid artery has branches in the neck

A

TRUE - several

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23
Q

External carotid artery branches

pnemonic

A

pnemonic is

Sally Ann Likes Flirting On Philadelphias Main Street

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24
Q

External Carotid Artery Branches

A
  1. Superior Thyroid Artery
  2. Ascending pharyngeal artery
  3. Lingual artery
  4. Facial artery
  5. Occipital artery
  6. Posterior auricular artery
  7. MAXILLARY ARTERY
  8. SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERY

all caps = terminal branches

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25
Q

External carotid artery terminal branches

A

Maxillary artery

Superior Temporal Artery

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26
Q

Superior Thyroid Artery

course and innervation

A

typically most inferior of the branches
passes anteroinferior, DEEP THE THE INFRAHYOID (STRAP) MUSCLES to reach the thyroid gland

supplies thyroid gland and gives off branches to local muscles - infrahyoid muscles and SCM

GIVES RISE TO THE SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL ARTERY –> supplies the larynx

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27
Q

superior laryngeal artery

A

from the superior thyroid artery and supplies the larynx

*not a branch off of the external carotid it is off of the superior thyroid artery

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28
Q

ascending pharyngeal artery

where it arises and course and where it sends branches

A

branch of the external carotid artery

arises near the origin of the external carotid artery and is its SMALLEST branch.
It ascends between the internal carotid artery and the pharynx to the base of the skull.
Along its course it sends branches to the PHARYNX, MIDDLE EAR CAVITY AND CRANIAL MENINGES

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29
Q

Lingual Artery
Arises
Course
Supplies

A

Arises from the anteromedial aspect of the external carotid artery between the superior thyroid and facial arteries.
CROSSED by the hypoglossal nerve
PASSES DEEP TO the stylohyoid and posterior digastric muscles before disappearing DEEP TO THE HYOGLOSSUS
Passes to the inferior aspect of the tongue where it gives rise to the DEEP LINGUAL AND SUBLINGUAL BRANCHES

PRIMARY BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE TONGUE AND FLOOR OF THE ORAL CAVITY

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30
Q

Facial Artery
Arises
Course
Supplies

A

Arises from ECA, immediately superior to the lingual artery
Passes DEEP TO THE DIGASTRIC AND STYLOHYOID MUSCLES AND MEDIAL TO THE RAMUS/ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE

Passes along the lower border of the mandible, where it has a CLOSE RELATIONSHIP TO THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.
Prior to entering the face, the facial artery gives off the SUBMENTAL ARTERY.
This hooks around the inferior border of the mandible (where it can be palpated) and ENTERS THE FACE.

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31
Q

FACIAL branches of the facial artery

A

Inferior labial artery
Superior labial artery
Lateral nasal branch
Angular artery

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32
Q

angular artery

A

branch off of the facial artery
common term for the terminal part of the facial artery as it travels to the medial angle of the eye
FORMS AN ASTAMOSIS WITH THE OPTHALAMIC ARTERY (branch of the internal carotid artery)

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33
Q

submental artery

A

PRIOR to entering the face, the facial artery gives off the submental artery
BEFORE it hooks around the inferior border of the mandible where it enters the face and gives off facial branches

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34
Q

Occipital Artery

A

ARISES from the posterior aspect of the external carotid artery, OPPOSITE to the origin of the facial artery
Passes posteriorly, parallel and deep to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle as it courses to the posterior scalp
Has several branches that supply structures in the area including the scalp and muscles in the area

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35
Q

Posterior Auricular Artery

A

A small posterior branch of the external carotid artery, it ascends posteriorly between the external acoustic meatus and the mastoid process

Passes several branches to structures in the area, including the middle ear cavity, posterior auricle and muscles in the area

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36
Q

Superficial Temporal Artery
originates where
course
gives off?

A

The smaller of the TERMINAL BRANCHES of the external carotid artery, it originates WITHIN the parotid gland

Passes between the neck of the mandible and external acoustic meatus, enters the temporal fossa, and terminates by dividing into FRONTAL AND PARIETAL BRANCHES

branches INCLUDE THE TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERY

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37
Q

Transverse Facial Artery

A

Arises from the superficial temporal artery WITHIN THE PAROTID GLAND and CROSSES the face superficial to the masseter, approximately a finger’s breadth inferior to the zygomatic arch
supplies the parotid gland, parotid duct, masseter, and skin of the face

ANASTAMOSES WITH BRACHES OF THE FACIAL ARTERY

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38
Q

Maxillary Artery

A

LARGER of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery

arises within the parotid gland POSTERIOR TO THE NECK OF THE MANDIBLE
Passes medial to mandible to enter the infratemporal fossa
Within the infratemporal fossa, the maxillary artery may pass SUPERFICIAL OR DEEP to the lateral pterygoid muscle
Passes through the pterygomaxillary fissure to enter the pterygopalatine fossa

Maxillary artery is divided into three parts by the lateral pterygoid muscle

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39
Q

How is maxillary artery divided?

A

Into THREE parts by the lateral pterygoid muscle

First = mandibular part

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40
Q

Maxillary first part and its branches

A 
Mandibular Part and divisions: 
Deep auricular artery 
Anterior tympanic artery
Middle meningeal artery
Accessory meningeal artery
Inferior alveolar artery
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41
Q

Pneumonic for maxillary artery

A

Down at my aunt’s island

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42
Q

Deep auricular artery

A

from the 1st/mandibular part of the maxillary artery

pierces the wall of the EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS and supplies the lateral surface of the tympanic membrane

43
Q

Anterior tympanic artery

A

from the 1st/mandibular part of the maxillary artery

traverses the petrotympanic fissure and supplies the medial surface of the tympanic membrane

44
Q

Middle meningeal artery

A

from the 1st/mandibular part of the maxillary artery

Traverses the foramen spinosum to enter the middle cranial cavity, where its blood supply includes the dura matter

45
Q

Accessory meningeal artery

A

from the 1st/mandibular part of the maxillary artery

Traverses the foramen ovale to enter the middle cranial cavity, where its blood supply includes the dura matter

46
Q

Inferior Alveolar artery

A

from the 1st/mandibular part of the maxillary artery

traverses the mandibular foramen –> enters the mandibular canal –> supplies the mandibular teeth and adjacent gingiva

47
Q

branches from the inferior alveolar artery

A

Incisive/incisor branch

By the FIRST PREMOLAR TOOTH, the inferior alveolar artery divides into two branches –> incisor/incisive and mental

48
Q

incisive/incisor branch

A

from the inferior alveolar artery –> this branch continues its course towards the midline and supplies the anterior teeth and gingiva

49
Q

mental branch of…

A

of the inferior alveolar artery
this passes through the mental foramen to supply the chin
before passing into bone, the inferior alveolar artery gives off the MYLOHYOID BRANCH which travels with the mylohyoid nerve

50
Q

second part of maxillary artery

A

2nd or Pterygoid Part

51
Q

pneumonic for pterygoid part of maxillary artery (second part)

A

Mary Dove Past Barracuddas

52
Q

Branches of the Pterygoid Part

A

Masseteric artery
Deep temporal arteries (anterior and posterior)
Pterygoid arteries
Buccal artery

53
Q

Masseteric artery

A

from the 2nd/Pterygoid part of the maxillary artery
Passes superior to the mandibular notch to reach the deep surface of the masseter muscle, which it supplies

supplying the masseter muscle

54
Q

Deep temporal arteries

A

from the 2nd/Pterygoid part of the maxillary artery
anterior and posterior regions
ascends to supply the temporal muscle

55
Q

Pterygoid arteries

A

from the 2nd/Pterygoid part of the maxillary artery

supplying the pterygoid muscles

56
Q

Buccal artery

A

from the 2nd/Pterygoid part of the maxillary artery

Supplies the buccinator muscle

57
Q

Third part of the Maxillary artery

A

The Pterygopalatine Part of the maxillary artery

58
Q

pneumonic for branches off of the Pterygopalatine Part (3rd)

A

Plus Incoming Dolphins And Perplexed Sharks

59
Q

Branches from the 3rd part/ Pterygopalatine Part of the Maxillary artery

A 
Posterior superior alveolar artery 
Infraorbital artery
Descending palatine artery 
Artery of pterygoid canal
Pharyngeal artery
Spenopalatine artery
60
Q

Posterior Superior Alveolar artery

A

from the 3rd/Pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery
traverses the alveolar foramen; supplies the maxillary molars, premolars, adjacent gingival tissue as well as the lining of the maxillary sinus

61
Q

Infraorbital artery

A

from the 3rd/Pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery
Passes through the inferior orbital fissure –> infraorbital groove–> infraorbital canal –> infraorbital foramen and supplies the inferior eyelid, lateral nose and superior upper lip; along its course gives rise to the anterior alveolar artery which supplies the maxillary canines and incisors

both the infraorbital and anterior alveolar arteries supply the maxillary sinus

62
Q

anterior alveolar artery

A

branch off the Infraorbital artery (from 3rd part of maxillary artery) which supplies the maxillary canines and incisors. Both this and the infraorbital artery supply the maxillary sinus

63
Q

Descending palatine artery

A

from the 3rd/Pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery
descends through the GREATER PALATINE CANAL –> branches to the greater and lesser palatine arteries
these supply mucous membrane and glands of the palate and maxillary gingiva

64
Q

greater and lesser palatine arteries

A

from the descending palatine artery from the 3rd/Pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery
supplying mucous membrane and glands of the palate and maxillary gingiva

65
Q

Artery of pterygoid canal

A

from the 3rd/Pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery
passes through the pterygoid canal;
supplies the nasopharynx, pharyngotympanic tube and tympanic cavity

66
Q

Pharyngeal Artery

A

from the 3rd/Pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery
Passes through the palatovaginal canal
Supplies a portion of the nasopharynx

67
Q

Spenopalantine Artery

A

from the 3rd/Pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery
The terminal branch of the maxillary artery, it passes through the sphenopalatine foramen to reach the nasal cavity; supplies a portion of the nasal cavity, including the nasal septum, and anterior hard palate

68
Q

Fact about all of the branches in the first part of the maxillary artery

A

GO INTO BONE

69
Q

Fact about all of the branches in the second part of the maxillary artery

A

GO TO MUSCLE

70
Q

Fact about all of the branches in the third part of the maxillary artery

A

GO TO BONE (like the first part off the maxillary)

71
Q

Blood from the brain empties where

A

into dural venous sinuses

72
Q

how does blood from the SCALP communicate with the dural venous sinuses

A

occurs via emissary veins

73
Q

emissary veins

A

allow blood communication with the scalp into the dural venous sinuses
these pass through openings in the cranial wall
allow communication between veins OUTSIDE the skull and sinuses to INSIDE THE SKULL

74
Q

diploic veins

A

occupy channels in the diploe of the cranial bones

75
Q

potential spread of infection in the skull?

A

through the emissary veins –> these allow communication of blood from outside of the skull to inside in the dural venous sinuses

76
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

these are endothelial- lined spaces between the periosteal and the meningeal layers of the dura

77
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A

occupies the convex superior attached border of the falx cerebri

Begins near the crista galli and ends near the internal occipital protruberance, at the CONFLUENCE OF SINUSES

78
Q

Confluence of sinuses

A

union of several of the sinuses

79
Q

inferior sagittal sinus

A

occupies the concave inferior free border of the falx cerebri
ends in the straight sinus

80
Q

straight sinus

A

Formed by the UNION of the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein
Joins the confluence of sinuses
Located at the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

81
Q

Occipital Sinus

A

occupies the attached border of the falx cerebelli and ends superiorly in the confluence of sinuses
Communicates inferiorly with the internal venous plexus

82
Q

Confluence of Sinuses

A

union of the superior sagittal, straight, occipital , and transverse sinuses

83
Q

Transverse Sinus

A

Passes from the confluence of sinuses, laterally along the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli
Laterally, where the sinus passes from the tentorium cerebelli, it becomes the SIGMOID SINUS

84
Q

Sigmoid Sinus

A

Originates where the transverse sinus leaves the tentorium cerebelli
Follows a S-shaped courses as it descends and passes through in the posterior cranial fossa
Continues inferiorly as the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN after traversing the jugular foramen

85
Q

Cavernous Sinus

A

Located on either side of the sella turcic (of the sphenoid)
Receives blood from the Opthalmic veins
Pterygoid venous plexus
The cavernous sinuses drains posterioinferiorly through the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

86
Q

Pterygoid venous plexus

A

Blood passes from the infratemporal fossa –> EMISSARY VEINS THAT PASS THROUGH EMISSARY FORAMINA, FORAMEN OVALE AND FORAMEN LACERUM ENTER THE CANVERNOUS SINUS

87
Q

how does the cavernous sinus communicate with the pterygoid venous plexus?

A

via emissary veins

- network of veins in the infratemporal fossa

88
Q

structures passing through the cavernous sinus

A

internal carotid artery
internal carotid plexus (sympathetic nerves)
CN III, IV, VI
V1 and V2

these structures are separated from blood in the sinus by endothelial cells

89
Q

Superior Petrosal sinus

A

Located in the attached (anterior) margin of the tentorium cerebello
Passes from the posterior end of the cavernous sinus and terminates where it joins the transverse sinus

90
Q

Inferior Petrosal sinus

A

originates at the posterior end of the cavernous sinus, passes inferiorly and empties into the proximal aspect of the internal jugular vein

91
Q

superficial temporal vein

A

begins from a widespread network of veins in the scalp
Drains blood from the scalp in the region ANTERIOR to the auricle
Near the auricle, the superficial temporal vein ENTERS THE PAROTID GLAND

92
Q

Maxillary Vein
from where
union?

A

The maxillary vein(s) are seen as a short trunk(s) accompanying the FIRST part of the maxillary artery
Derived from the confluence of veins of the pterygoid venous plexus (in the infratemporal fossa)
Union of the maxillary and superficial temporal veins occurs WITHIN the parotid gland and gives rise to the RETROMANDIBULAR VEIN

93
Q

Retromandibular vein

union course and branches

A

formed by the union of the maxillary vein and the superficial temporal veins,
runs posterior to the ramus of the mandible and descends through the parotid gland, superficial to the external carotid artery and deep the facial nerve

divides into ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR BRANCHES

94
Q

posterior branch of the retromandibular vein

A

joins with the posterior auricular vein to form the EXTERNAL JUGUALR VEIN
this union occurs just AFTER exiting the parotid gland

95
Q

external jugular vein joins from?

A

union of the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein

96
Q

anterior branch of the retromandibular vein

A

joins with the facial vein which drains into the internal jugular vein – union is often referred to as the common facial vein

97
Q

internal jugular vein forms from?

A

anterior branch of the retromandibular vein and the facial vein

sometimes called the common facial vein

98
Q

Facial vein

A

formed from the union of the supraorbital and supratrochlear veins at the medial angle of the eye

commonly referred to as the angular vein (from its origin/ medial eye along the lateral aspect of the nose

receives several veins, including the superior labial, inferior labial and submental veins

99
Q

deep facial veins

A

the facial vein also communicates with the pterygoid venus plexus via the DEEP FACIAL VEINS

the pterygoid venous plexus is a deep network of veins in the infratemporal fossa

100
Q

communication between the deep and superficial veins

A

the facial vein communicates with the cavernous sinus by TWO ROUTES
Facial vein –>opthalmic vein–> cavernous sinus

  1. Facial vein –> deep facial vein–> pterygoid venous plexus –> emissary vein –> cavernous sinus
101
Q

Do the facial veins have valves Implications

A

NO valves - therefore an infective thrombosis of the facial vein may pass into the intracranial venous sinuses

102
Q

Danger Trinagle of the Face

A

Communication from out –> in

potential area of infection

103
Q

route of an embolism from oral cavity

A

mandible to the facial and pterygoid plexus veins –> eventually to the superior vena cava and right atrium

Anatomy Module IV (12 decks)

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