Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PER 1001 > Review of MicroBiology > Flashcards

Review of MicroBiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many prokaryotic cells in body per 1 eukaryotic cell?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cause disease

A

Pathogenic Organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

normal human flora or transient bacteria when intact immunologic or anatomical defenses are compromised they attack.

A

Opportunists organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Organisms that work better in an environment with a a lot of other organisms.

A

Synergist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Study of microorganisms, huge amount of different kinds that exist as single cells or cell cultures. (includes viruses)

A

Microbiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the main difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

A

Compartmentalization of DNA in a nucleus + controlled cell divisions (vertical gene transfer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Main elements that distinguish a prokaryote from eukaryotes:

A

-No membrane
-Quantity> quality, rapid cell division (horizontally)
-Infinite diversity
-Soup of organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is it important to kill all the bacteria not just ~some~

A

Left over bacteria can become super bacteria!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does great diversity of of prokaryotes lead to?

A

Drug resistance!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Over time what happens to certain genes in a bacteria that have not been activated for a while?

A

Gene gets shed.
Ex. Shedding of drug-resistant gene against ex. penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

methods by which bacteria divide

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Doubling time of most bacteria via binary fission? What kind of mathematical growth does it display?

A

20 MINTUES. Exponential growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If you start with 200 bacterial colonies how many will you have after 40 min?

A

800!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What element of bacteria emphasizes the stress of maintaining a sterile environment?

A

their insane doubling time!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many chromosomes does a prokaryotic cell have?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the size of a prokaryotic ribosome?

A

70S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do prokaryotic cell walls have that is very distinguishing from eukaryotic?

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bacteria can survive a good range of what 4 things?

A

-Temp
-pH
-Osmolarity
-Salinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Proteins that act like viruses, ex. mad cows diseases

A

Prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nucleic acids within a protein capsid & lipoprotein envelope , non-living, very tiny can’t be seen under microscope

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Contain both RNA/DNA, eukaryotic, 80S ribosome, contain mitochondria, chitin cell wall budding (yeast) /mitosis (mold).

A

Fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Contain both RNA/DNA, eukaryotic, 80S ribosome, contain mitochondria, flexible membrane, motile, mitosis

A

Protozoa & Helminiths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a main characteristic that makes something be able to target and affect a specific kind of cell?

A

Receptors!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain how the Avian flu became the Human flu

A

A virus that only affected avians, mutated and change it receptor from a bird cell receptor to a human cell receptor. Virus entered Patient 1 via (ingestion?) and replicated then spread among humans!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Each coordinated effort of ____ departments results in a steep decline in death rates due to infection.

A

Public health department efforts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are 3 body sites that should be completely sterile?

A

-Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
-Blood
-Urine (theoretically)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Staphylococcus aureus =
Corynebacterium, propionibacterium=

A

Staphylococcus aureus = Potential pathogen of SKIN

Corynebacterium, propionibacterium= low virulence resident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Candida albicans=
Neisseria spp.=

A

Candida albicans = Potential pathogen of MOUTH

Neisseria spp.= low virulence resident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Strep. Pneumonia=
Neisseria spp. Virdans streptococci=

A

Potential pathogen of NASOPHARYNX

Neisseria spp. Virdans streptococci= low virulence resident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

none, strep, other from mouth

A

No potential pathogens ins stomach, but some low virulence residence from mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

No pathogenic bacteria in the ____

A

Small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What part of body contains LOTs of pathogenic bacteria?

Ex.E.coli, pseudomonas, candida, clostridium, etc

A

COLON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What stage of life may the vagina has potential pathogens like C. Albicans

or low virulence residents like Staph, Enterobacteria, Deptheroids, etc?

A

Pre-pubertal & post-menopausal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What stage of life may the vagina have potential pathogens like Group B streptococci & C. Albican

or low virulence residents like strep. or lactobacillus

A

Childbearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does this depict?

A

Gram positive cell wall (it has the lipotechoic acid cell wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does this depict?

A

Gram negative cell wall ( outer & inner membrane with periplasmic space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What color does gram + stain and why?

A

Purple! It has at thick layer that traps the crystal violet stain and

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What color does gram - stain and why?

A

Red, following decolorization all crystal violet will drain out but Safran red will stain!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are 3 major ways to differentiate between cells?

A

Cell size, shape, reaction to gram stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do Gram + membrane contain?

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer with fibers of techoic acids which protrude outside peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do Gram - membrane contain?

A

Thin single layer of peptidoglycan, no techoic acids BUT have:

Complex outer layer of lippolysachrrides, lipoproteins & phospholipid.

In pepriplasmic space, some bacteria contain enzymes that help degrade target cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Lipopolysachrrides act as a ____ on gram __ cells.

A

Endotoxins! on Gram - cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Enzymes within the periplasmic space of gram- cell that can degrade penicillin and other drugs

A

Beta-Lactamases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Only vital within cells so stain will not show it

A

Intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What doe this picture depict?

A

How streamlined DNA replication is within bacterial cells.

FAST, no separation, all at once!

46
Q

Toxic chemical in outer membrane of Gram - cells, that is released following cell destruction.

A

Lipid A

47
Q

Giver rigid support against osmotic pressure, action of penicillins & cephalosporins, and is degraded by lysozymes

A

Peptidoglycan

48
Q

Major surface antigen on Gram - used frequently in lab diagnosis

A

Polysaccharide

49
Q

Major surface antigen on Gram + used rarley used in lab diagnosis

A

Techonic Acid

50
Q

Made of polysacrrides, protects agains phagocytosis

A

Capsule

51
Q

Made of glycoprotein (1) mediates attachment to cell surfaces (2) sex plus. *main reason for why one cell affects

A

Pilus or Fimbria

52
Q

What does saliva & tooth brushing do?

A

Helps remove & detach fimbria bacteria and break its attachment to the surface of tooth.

53
Q

made of protein, helps with motility

A

Flagellum

54
Q

Made of kertain like coat & dipcolinic acid, *provides resistance to dehydration, heat, chemical.

Hibernation mode of bacteria

A

Spore

55
Q

What type of bacteria are most common to become spores?

A

Gram + rods

56
Q

Major location of spores?

A

Soil

57
Q

Made of DNA, contained a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

A

Plasmid

58
Q

Made of glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates.

Site of nutrients in cytoplasm

A

Granuales

59
Q

Made of polysaccharides, mediate adherence to surface. Sticky substance, Segway to biofilm formation

A

Glycocalyx

60
Q

Why is it import to sterilize medical supplies to 121 for at least 15 minutes?

A

To kill spores!

61
Q

-Can survive for years in soil ex. tetnus,
-no metabolic activity= unaffected by antibiotics
-Only form when nutrients lack= not found at sites of infection b.c nutrients are present

A

Characteristics of spores and medical implication

62
Q

Bacillus or Clostridium are the only two genus that produce ____

A

Spores

63
Q

As long as a niche has all the requirements, populations of microorganism will remain constant.

Rate of ___ = Rate of ____

A

rate of growth= rate of death

64
Q

The survival of a microorganism is dependent on its what?

A

Ability to succeed in competing for nutrients + maintain healthy # of cells

65
Q

Physiology (growth) of organism is influenced by mainly what?

A

Nutritional stress

66
Q

If an organism is removed from an niche what happens?

A

The space will be filled by another!

67
Q

When one parent cell divides into 2 progeny cells, exp. growth

A

Binary fission

68
Q

The increased in the total sum of ALL components if a given organism.

A

Growth

69
Q

increase in cell size is growth? t/f

A

FALSE! not true growth!

70
Q

Removing an organism ability to replicate is a major concept in the _____ of disease

A

Treatment!

71
Q

UV light in dental practice overnight, mutate bacterial cells does what?

A

affect cell ability to replicate= kill all bacteria

72
Q

2 ways to measure concentration of a living organism:

A
  1. concentration= #viable cells/unit of volume
  2. Mass= dry weigh of cells/ unit of volume
73
Q

Studies of microbial genetics & inactivation of microbes uses what method of measuring?

A

Concentration of cells!

74
Q

Studies of microbial biochemistry or nutrition uses what method of measuring?

A

Mass!

75
Q

Pt. with v/infected tooth take a swab of fluid and observe # of bacterial colonies grown. LOTS of coloinies (ex.500) =

A

Pt. has bad infection

76
Q

typical measure of cell concentration

A

Viable cell count

77
Q

measuring the turbidity of a culture, measured by spectrophotometry.

A

Indirect way to measure viable cell count

78
Q

The relationship between viable cell count and turbidity measurement is related in the form of a

A

Standard curve

79
Q

How foggy or clear the fluid is

A

Turbidity

80
Q

A barley _____ suspension of Escherichia coli contains about 10^7 cells per milliliter,

A fairly _____suspension contains about 10^8 cells per milliliter.

A

Turbid! More cells= more turbid

81
Q

What is the main drawback of connecting turbidity & viable cell count?

A

There may be a lot of cells (very turbid) BUT cells may be dead (non-viable)

82
Q

the time required for a population or mass (of bacteria) to double, since they grow by binary fission

(Biomass vs Td)

A

Generation time or Doubling time (td)

83
Q

How does undertaking doubling time and growth rate help you treat disease?

A

Study growth and death to know HOW to treat them and HOW LONG to treat them for.

84
Q

Wha does a big td mean in terms of symptoms and effects?

A

More effect on patients, MORE SYMPTOMS

85
Q

What is this?

A

Bacterial growth curve

86
Q

replication rate= death rate, its is the adjustment time of the bacteria, adapting.

A

Lag Phase

87
Q

How can the lag phase be used to your advantage?

A

Used to limit resources in oral cavity

ex. Mouth wash, prevents bacterial growth because limited resources for bacteria to use*

88
Q

replication rate> death rate. Bacteria has found niche and they’re READY to go.

A

Log phase

89
Q

How can you combat the log phase?

A

prescribe antibiotics, limit resources, increase waste, all to trigger the plateau as early as possible

90
Q

zero growth, no more possible. Limited resources & WASTE products accumulating which is toxic to bacterial cells. More waste> resources.

A

Maximum stationary phase

91
Q

Death rate> growth. Stay winning.

A

Decline Logarithmic

92
Q

How to trigger decline?

A

Prescribe things that are Toxic to bacteria not pt. cells. Ex. Attack cell wall b/c our eukaryotic cells don’t have cell walls; therefore, our cells will not be affected*

93
Q

bacterial resistance to all antimicrobial mechanisms

A

Pan resistance

94
Q

A device used to gather steady state data about an organism in order to generate a mathematical model relating to its metabolic processes

A

Chemostat

95
Q

Bacterial growth in an intimate and complex communities communicating among themselves

single bacterium nucleating a surface followed by replicating themselves or recruiting other bacteria into a forming colony

LAYERS

A

Biofilm

96
Q

What is the purpose of debriding our teeth every day to remove the film of bacteria that grow up while we sleep (Gum, tooth disease-heart disease!).

A

To remove Biofilms

97
Q

___ cannot be treated with antimicrobials because all layers cannot be penetrated

A

Biofilms

98
Q

what are the 2 benefits of biofilm growth patterns?

A
  1. deep layers are less susceptible to immune clearance
  2. Antibiotics can’t penetrate deep laters
99
Q

Losing ability to reproduce means what?

A

CELL DEATH

100
Q

A microbial cell that is not physically disrupted is thus “dead” only in terms of the conditions used to test viability. So death here is a ____ term!

A

relavent!

101
Q

In terms of sterility, can you ever kill every single organism?

A

No.

102
Q

6 Properties that apply to microorganism growth?

A

1.Oxygen levels
2. Temp
3. pH
4. Salinity
5. Presence of essential minerals for catalyst
6. Carbon source, nitrogen source

103
Q

Acetone, alcohol, lactic acid, cheese, pickles, are all what

A

Example of what we use bacteria for.

104
Q

Requres O2 canot ferment

M. tuberculosis, P. aeruginosa

A

Aerobe

105
Q

Killed by O2, ferments in absence

C. Botulinum, B. Melaniogenicus

A

Anerobe

106
Q

Respires with O2 but cant also ferment without O2

E.Coli, S. Aureus

A

Faculatative aerobes

107
Q

Three methods of genetic material transfer among bactierial cells?

A
  1. Conjugation (plasmid transfer)
  2. Transduction (any gene, bacteriophages)
  3. Transformation (DNA taken up by cell)
108
Q
  • Virus can only replicate ___ cells
  • Bacteria can either spread through ___ or inject protien into cell
A

Viruses= replicate inside cell
Bacteria spread through blood, or inject into cell

109
Q

Protein like virus, enconded by cellular genes.

A

Prion

110
Q

Explain viral growth curve:

A

Viron enter, eclipse period (no infectious virous detected) then rise period (EXTREME increase in number of irons in the span of 10 hrs)

111
Q

need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.

A

Microaerophiles

112
Q

do not require oxygenas they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are **not poisoned by oxygen. **They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.

A

Aerotolerant organisms

PER 1001 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions