Review of Immunology Pt. 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The main role of the ____ is to prevent or reduce the severity of infections (whether they it is causes by bacteria , fungi, or parasites, such as protozoa and worms.)
A
Immune system
2
Q
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
A
Intact skin and Mucous membranes
3
Q
Mouth, skin, eyes, secretions (lysozyme)
A
mucous membranes
4
Q
What is second line of immune defense if microbe has breached mucous membranes?
A
Innate immune system
5
Q
Non-specific destruction, rapid response. Components are fully formed and active. Preventative. Wide range.
A
Innate Immune
6
Q
Skin, stomach acid, body temp, salinity
A
Examples of innate barriers
7
Q
What is a neutrophils ability to engulf & ingest and subsequently destroy a microbe an example of (oxygen dependent)?
A
Innate immune reaction
8
Q
Phagocytic leukocytes, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory responses, fever are all what?
A
Second line of defense in innate immunity
9
Q
-Lymphocytes
-Antibodies
-Memory Cells are all what
A
Specific defenses in adaptive immunity
10
Q
Neutrophil & natural killer cells kill foreign cells without the need of specificity this is the an ____ characteristic
A
innate
11
Q
What 2 things does the innate immunity NOT have?
A
- no improvement
- no memory
12
Q
Keratin layer on ski, lysozyme, respiratory cilia, low pH, surface phagocytes, defenses, normal flora
ARE all what?
A
Factors limiting entry of microb INTO body (innate)
13
Q
NK cells, Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, interferons, complement, transferring & lactoferrin, fever, inflammatory response,
are all what>
A
Factors limiting growth of microb (innate)
14
Q
Two major function of innate hose defense?
A
- kill invaders
- Activate adaptive immune processes.
15
Q
Disease where there is only innate immunity No adaptive, resulting in suffering from repeated life threatening infections.
A
Sever Combined Immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
16
Q
Receptors found in innate immune system effectors that detect foreign molecular patterns.
They look at repeated lipoprotein, DNA structure, & protein structures.
Innate. Once they find PAMPS they trigger response.
A
Toll-Like Receptors
17
Q
Common pathogen associated molecular patterns found in a great number of foreign microbes
A
PAMPS
18
Q
CD14 on macrophages is co-receptor for TLR4, which can identify a specific PAMO found on LPS of outer membrane of gram - bacteria. This is an example of?
A
A toll like receptor recognizing a PAMP
19
Q
NF-kB is a _________ that activates immune response gene which produces immune mediator to promote inflammation
A
nuclear transcription factor
20
Q
TLRs can also mediate both acute and chronic ____
A
Inflmation
21
Q
what are these?
A
Toll like receptors
22
Q
Complement immunity
innate or adaptive?
Humoral or Cell mediated?
A
Innate + humoral
23
Q
B-cells and antibodies?
innate or adaptive?
Humoral or Cell mediated?
A
Adaptive + humoral
24
Q
Macrophages & NK cells
innate or adaptive?
Humoral or Cell mediated?
A
Innate + cell mediated
25
Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
innate or adaptive?
Humoral or Cell mediated?
Adaptive + cell mediated
26
Protein based response
Humoral response
27
Cell based
Cell mediated response
28
Highly specific reaction, takes several days to kick in due to required gene activation, improves following exposure, has memory!
Adaptive immune response
29
Main adaptive defense agains extracellular, encapsulated, pyogenic bacteria defense to neutralize toxins?
Humoral Immunity
30
What response would staph or strep get?
Humoral antibody response.
31
If the cytokines IL-4 & IL-5 are activated by they helper CD4 T-cell, what does this causes?
Take care of issue with *Humoral response*! Create antibodies.
32
If the cytokines Il-2 is activated by CD4- T-Cell what does this cause?
Cell mediated response!
33
main defense against intracellular microbes?
Cell mediated response!
34
What responds to intracellular bacteria like Mycobacterium Tb?
Cell mediated response, Helper T-cells & macrophages.
35
Nuclear transciritonal activator for CD4 T Helper cells
IL-2
36
Antibody or cell mediated?
Host defense agains infection (opsizinzation, neutralize toxins viruses)?
Humoral (antibody) mediated (b-cells)
37
Antibody or cell mediated?
Allergy (hypersensitivity type 1-3), ex. hay fever, anaphylactic shock
Humoral (antibody) mediated (b-cells)
38
Antibody or cell mediated?
Autoimmunity?
Humoral (antibody) mediated (b-cells)
39
Antibody or cell mediated?
Host defense agains infection (M. Tb, fungi, virus infected cells)
Cell-mediated (T-cells)
40
Antibody or cell mediated?
Allergy (type 4 hypersensitivity) ex. poison oak
Cell-mediated (T-cells)
41
Antibody or cell mediated?
Graft and tumor rejection
Cell-mediated (T-cells)
42
Antibody or cell mediated?
Regulation of antibody response (help/ suppression)
Cell-mediated (T-cells)
43
Antibody or cell mediated?
Regulation of antibody response (help/ suppression)
Cell-mediated (T-cells)
44
1. neutralize toxins & viruses
2. Opsonize bacteria
Two main function of antibodies
45
process by which the antibody immunoglobulin (IgG) and the C3b component of complement system both work to enhance phagocytosis
Opsinization
46
# WHat?
inhibits organisms such as **fungi, parasites, and certain intracellular bacteria** such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis; it also kills virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
Cell mediated Immunity
47
What are 3 main elemelnts of cell and antibody mediated responses?
1. **Lots of diversity** (antibody for everything)
2. **Long memory** (Memory B & T cell) , second response faster than intial
3. V**ery specific** against antigens
48
# What cells?
participate in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response.
THE BRIDGE
Macrophages & other phagocytic cells(dendritic cells)
49
What are the two funtions of macrophaes in innate (1) and adaptive (2)
1. **Innate**; they *phagocytosis and ingest various microbs* no specificity
2. **Adaptive** present antigens to helper T cells 1st. step of activattion of adaptive.
50
First responders, oxygen dependent killing, only innate. Great phagocytocers.
neutrophils
51
Antigen prensenting cells and conduct phagocytosis
Macrophages & Dendritic cells
52
VIruses attach to what protien on the surfaces of ONLY antigen presenting cells?
| MCH, Dendritic Cells, B cells
MHC Class II
53
Microbe is broken down inside the macrophage and fragments of it called _____ appear on the surface of the macrophage, which they present on MHC Class II
Viral Epitopes
54
Viral epitopes on MHC Class II of Antigen presenting cells bind to what?
T-cell receptor on CD4+ T helper celll
| **activated adaptive immue response **
55
What the CD4 helper T cell is initally activated, ____ is released which
2. Activates ______ cells
3. activates what phenomenea
**IL-2 Released**
1.Activates CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells
2.Clonol proliferation of self (CD4+ helper T Cells)
56
How do CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells become activated by IL-2 released from CD4 cells?
CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells contain an** IL-2 receptor** that binds the IL-2 singnal
57
How do CD8+ Cytotoxic T go on to kill invading cells following activation?
| Cellular mediated immunity
They contain **TCRs on surface that bind to viral epitopes** and cause cell death
58
Release of what interlukins by CD4+ T helper cells results in the activation of B-cells?
IL-4 and IL-5
59
Once a B-cell is activated what two things can it go on to do?
1. React with specific virus
2. Differentiate into plasma cells which can class switch and produce and secrete antibodies
60
WHat are the 3 memory cells formed in the adapitve response pathway?
1. Memory Th cell (CD4+ t-helper)
2. Memory (CD8+ cytotoxic)
3. Memory B cells
61
What is the first common step in initiation of immune response?
Macrophage injestion of foreign invader
62
making clones of that specific helper t-cell, some of which become memory helper t-cells.
**important actiavtion step mediated by IL-2**
Clonal Prolieration
63
viral envelope glycoproteins appear on the surface of the infected cells in association with what class of MHC?
MHC Class I
| Cytotoxic t cells recognize viral anitgen on this and attack!
64
_______ of response is mediated by by the antigen recognizing ability of the T and B cells receptors
Specificity
65
Pathoway of acitvating **B cells that is by peptide orgin** (epitope )or anitgen
classical or T cell dependent pathway
66
**Antigen pathway **(ex. bacterial polysachrrides) of activaion of b-cells directly that is l**ess regulated and pronounced response.** IgM mediated. no IL 4 or 5 signals.
T cell INdependent pathway
67
What surface immunoglobuline allows for recognition of antigens?
IgM
| A LOT of recognition
68
____ can also present antigen epitopes to CD4 Helper T cells using MHC II protiens
B cells
69
B cells can differentiate into what?
Plasma antibody producing cells
70
AN ____ mediated response is produced against one type of bacteria, but a ____ mediated response occurs in response to another type of bacteria.
1. Antibody- one type bacteria
2. Cell mediated another type
| They can occur at same time
71
responders to an immune reaction inducing stimuli
Lymphoid cells
| Give rise to lymphocytes
72
Lymphoid line then differentiates into either ____ or ___ lymphocytes enhanced by IL-7.
B or T
| Stay Bone marrow, go to Thymus
73
T-cells in the thymus either become 1. or 2. ?
1. CD4+ T helper
2. CD8+ Cytotoxic T cell
74
B cells in the bone marrow can diffrentiate into what?
Plasma cells
75
Bone marrow stem cells become what cells?
Pro-B cells
76
Pro B cells can differentitate based on their receptor or tag.
What are two options?
1. Pre-B cell receptor -> plasma cell
2. CD56-> NK cell
77
# B cell or T cell?
Antigen receptor recognizes only **processed peptides** in association with **MHC protein**
| No whole unprocessed protien recognition!
T-cells
78
# B cell or T cell?
Antigen receptor recognizes whole unprocessed proteins, and has no requirement for presentation by MHC protien
| no need for processing
B-cell
79
____ lack any identifying surface proteins (CD 3, CD4 or CD 8)- CD means cluster of differentiation.** Before enteirng the thymys **
Pre-T cells
80
Once T cells pass through the ____ they express both CD protiens (CD2 on all + differentiator CD4 or CD8 or CD3
Through Thymus
81
**T cells are double positive** at first (contiain both CD4 and CD8) but what happne:
1. encounter MHC Class II =
2. encounter MHC Class I=
1. encounter** MHC Class II = CD4+ **
2. encounter **MHC Class I= CD8+ **
82
T-cells have a____ receptor
CD3 Receptor
83
B cells have _____ receptors= more range
Antigen recpetor
84
Where are cells that are either CD4 + or CD8+ Bearing receptors for self proteins are** killed by apoptosis**
clonal deletion
85
**removal of cells that would not tolerate self proteins (**i.e., they are inducing immune reaction against self proteins) which would result in **expansion of cells that are not attacking self proteins (self tolerance) **and **prevent autoimmune reactions**
negative selection process
86
A transciriptor regulator enhances the synthesis of this array of self proteins ( remember all cells have a full set of our genes).
autoimmune regulator (AIRE)
87
# Main function of what
1) in the immune process as a **receptacle for presenting antigens** (which is essential in the activation of CD8 cells.
2) **positive selection in the thymus.**
MHC protiens
88
How to prepare MHC for organ donation and graftin?
Find very similar MHC Class I btwen donor and reciever, giver streiouds (reduce immunity).
Cell mediated immunity is affected. Therefore, patient will become more susceptible to other infections.
89
The ____ has its own immune system because of the vast amount of pathogens that enter the stomach.
gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
Gut
90
No thymus. Immune deficient and susptible to many infectios depsite having. IELS
DiGeorge’s syndrome
| 1. Remanent of thymus fuctional
2. Extrathymic tissue take over functio
91
40% of Lymphocytes are ____ they develop in a similar manner as to those that develop in the thymus
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) ,
91
B cells undergo _____ by apoptosis of cells that e**xhibit self antigen receptor**s, which also induces tolerance and reduces autoimmune diseases.
negative selection (clonal deletion)
| *first have a chance to edit their receptors before (-) selection turns
92
B-cells e**dit out their receptors that are specific to self antigens** (by using a different light chain in the receptor) which ultimately **changes the specificity** of the entire receptor and would** no longer recognize self proteins. **
Receptor editing
93
are large granular lymphocytes. No anitgen presentation requried, look for cells that lack MHC Class I protien on surface= infected= destroy cell.
NK cells
94
Stem from Myeloid precourssors, have MHC II protiens on surface. APC & Phagocytosis
Macrophages
95
Have extra arm, talk to MHC 2
CD4 T helper cell
96
Carried out by Th1 CD4 cells. Interlukin mediated cell response. Produce __
Produce IL-2
97
Carried out by Th-2 CD4 Helper cells, which help acitvate b cells. Produce __
IL-4 and IL-5
98
Activated by IL-12 which is from macrophages that have processed microbs
Naive th-0 which becomes Th-1
| Cell mediated Response
99
Activated by IL-4 which is from from some human cell that has processed a microbe
TH-2 CD4 t cell
| Humoral immunity
100
human cell that produces IL-4, which induces naïve helper T cells to become ____ cells
Th-2 cells
101
Th-2 cells production of IL-4 and IL-5 leads to
activation of B cells to become plasma cells (antibody immunity)
102
**IL-12 from Th1** cells also ____ the production of Th2 cells, tipping the scale further **towards Th1 response**
**Inhibits**
Th1 = IL-12 (stimulatory) + Interferon (inhibitory)
| Cell mediated response
103
IL-10 from Th-2 cells**inhibits IL-12 production** by macrophages and drives the system toward a Th2 response
**Inhibits**
Th2 = IL-4 (stimulatory) + IL10 (inhibitory)
| Humoral response
