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PER 1001 > Review of Immunology Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Review of Immunology Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The main role of the ____ is to prevent or reduce the severity of infections (whether they it is causes by bacteria , fungi, or parasites, such as protozoa and worms.)

A

Immune system

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2
Q

What is the first line of defense in the immune system?

A

Intact skin and Mucous membranes

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3
Q

Mouth, skin, eyes, secretions (lysozyme)

A

mucous membranes

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4
Q

What is second line of immune defense if microbe has breached mucous membranes?

A

Innate immune system

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5
Q

Non-specific destruction, rapid response. Components are fully formed and active. Preventative. Wide range.

A

Innate Immune

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6
Q

Skin, stomach acid, body temp, salinity

A

Examples of innate barriers

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7
Q

What is a neutrophils ability to engulf & ingest and subsequently destroy a microbe an example of (oxygen dependent)?

A

Innate immune reaction

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8
Q

Phagocytic leukocytes, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory responses, fever are all what?

A

Second line of defense in innate immunity

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9
Q

-Lymphocytes
-Antibodies
-Memory Cells are all what

A

Specific defenses in adaptive immunity

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10
Q

Neutrophil & natural killer cells kill foreign cells without the need of specificity this is the an ____ characteristic

A

innate

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11
Q

What 2 things does the innate immunity NOT have?

A
  1. no improvement
  2. no memory
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12
Q

Keratin layer on ski, lysozyme, respiratory cilia, low pH, surface phagocytes, defenses, normal flora

ARE all what?

A

Factors limiting entry of microb INTO body (innate)

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13
Q

NK cells, Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, interferons, complement, transferring & lactoferrin, fever, inflammatory response,

are all what>

A

Factors limiting growth of microb (innate)

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14
Q

Two major function of innate hose defense?

A
  1. kill invaders
  2. Activate adaptive immune processes.
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15
Q

Disease where there is only innate immunity No adaptive, resulting in suffering from repeated life threatening infections.

A

Sever Combined Immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

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16
Q

Receptors found in innate immune system effectors that detect foreign molecular patterns.

They look at repeated lipoprotein, DNA structure, & protein structures.

Innate. Once they find PAMPS they trigger response.

A

Toll-Like Receptors

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17
Q

Common pathogen associated molecular patterns found in a great number of foreign microbes

A

PAMPS

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18
Q

CD14 on macrophages is co-receptor for TLR4, which can identify a specific PAMO found on LPS of outer membrane of gram - bacteria. This is an example of?

A

A toll like receptor recognizing a PAMP

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19
Q

NF-kB is a _________ that activates immune response gene which produces immune mediator to promote inflammation

A

nuclear transcription factor

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20
Q

TLRs can also mediate both acute and chronic ____

A

Inflmation

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21
Q

what are these?

A

Toll like receptors

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22
Q

Complement immunity

innate or adaptive?
Humoral or Cell mediated?

A

Innate + humoral

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23
Q

B-cells and antibodies?

innate or adaptive?
Humoral or Cell mediated?

A

Adaptive + humoral

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24
Q

Macrophages & NK cells

innate or adaptive?
Humoral or Cell mediated?

A

Innate + cell mediated

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25
Q

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

innate or adaptive?
Humoral or Cell mediated?

A

Adaptive + cell mediated

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26
Q

Protein based response

A

Humoral response

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27
Q

Cell based

A

Cell mediated response

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28
Q

Highly specific reaction, takes several days to kick in due to required gene activation, improves following exposure, has memory!

A

Adaptive immune response

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29
Q

Main adaptive defense agains extracellular, encapsulated, pyogenic bacteria defense to neutralize toxins?

A

Humoral Immunity

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30
Q

What response would staph or strep get?

A

Humoral antibody response.

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31
Q

If the cytokines IL-4 & IL-5 are activated by they helper CD4 T-cell, what does this causes?

A

Take care of issue with Humoral response! Create antibodies.

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32
Q

If the cytokines Il-2 is activated by CD4- T-Cell what does this cause?

A

Cell mediated response!

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33
Q

main defense against intracellular microbes?

A

Cell mediated response!

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34
Q

What responds to intracellular bacteria like Mycobacterium Tb?

A

Cell mediated response, Helper T-cells & macrophages.

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35
Q

Nuclear transciritonal activator for CD4 T Helper cells

A

IL-2

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36
Q

Antibody or cell mediated?

Host defense agains infection (opsizinzation, neutralize toxins viruses)?

A

Humoral (antibody) mediated (b-cells)

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37
Q

Antibody or cell mediated?

Allergy (hypersensitivity type 1-3), ex. hay fever, anaphylactic shock

A

Humoral (antibody) mediated (b-cells)

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38
Q

Antibody or cell mediated?

Autoimmunity?

A

Humoral (antibody) mediated (b-cells)

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39
Q

Antibody or cell mediated?

Host defense agains infection (M. Tb, fungi, virus infected cells)

A

Cell-mediated (T-cells)

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40
Q

Antibody or cell mediated?

Allergy (type 4 hypersensitivity) ex. poison oak

A

Cell-mediated (T-cells)

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41
Q

Antibody or cell mediated?

Graft and tumor rejection

A

Cell-mediated (T-cells)

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42
Q

Antibody or cell mediated?

Regulation of antibody response (help/ suppression)

A

Cell-mediated (T-cells)

43
Q

Antibody or cell mediated?

Regulation of antibody response (help/ suppression)

A

Cell-mediated (T-cells)

44
Q
  1. neutralize toxins & viruses
  2. Opsonize bacteria
A

Two main function of antibodies

45
Q

process by which the antibody immunoglobulin (IgG) and the C3b component of complement system both work to enhance phagocytosis

A

Opsinization

46
Q

WHat?

inhibits organisms such as fungi, parasites, and certain intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis; it also kills virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

A

Cell mediated Immunity

47
Q

What are 3 main elemelnts of cell and antibody mediated responses?

A
  1. Lots of diversity (antibody for everything)
  2. Long memory (Memory B & T cell) , second response faster than intial
  3. Very specific against antigens
48
Q

What cells?

participate in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response.

THE BRIDGE

A

Macrophages & other phagocytic cells(dendritic cells)

49
Q

What are the two funtions of macrophaes in innate (1) and adaptive (2)

A
  1. Innate; they phagocytosis and ingest various microbs no specificity
  2. Adaptive present antigens to helper T cells 1st. step of activattion of adaptive.
50
Q

First responders, oxygen dependent killing, only innate. Great phagocytocers.

A

neutrophils

51
Q

Antigen prensenting cells and conduct phagocytosis

A

Macrophages & Dendritic cells

52
Q

VIruses attach to what protien on the surfaces of ONLY antigen presenting cells?

MCH, Dendritic Cells, B cells

A

MHC Class II

53
Q

Microbe is broken down inside the macrophage and fragments of it called _____ appear on the surface of the macrophage, which they present on MHC Class II

A

Viral Epitopes

54
Q

Viral epitopes on MHC Class II of Antigen presenting cells bind to what?

A

T-cell receptor on CD4+ T helper celll

**activated adaptive immue response **

55
Q

What the CD4 helper T cell is initally activated, ____ is released which
2. Activates ______ cells
3. activates what phenomenea

A

IL-2 Released
1.Activates CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells
2.Clonol proliferation of self (CD4+ helper T Cells)

56
Q

How do CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells become activated by IL-2 released from CD4 cells?

A

CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells contain an** IL-2 receptor** that binds the IL-2 singnal

57
Q

How do CD8+ Cytotoxic T go on to kill invading cells following activation?

Cellular mediated immunity

A

They contain TCRs on surface that bind to viral epitopes and cause cell death

58
Q

Release of what interlukins by CD4+ T helper cells results in the activation of B-cells?

A

IL-4 and IL-5

59
Q

Once a B-cell is activated what two things can it go on to do?

A
  1. React with specific virus
  2. Differentiate into plasma cells which can class switch and produce and secrete antibodies
60
Q

WHat are the 3 memory cells formed in the adapitve response pathway?

A
  1. Memory Th cell (CD4+ t-helper)
  2. Memory (CD8+ cytotoxic)
  3. Memory B cells
61
Q

What is the first common step in initiation of immune response?

A

Macrophage injestion of foreign invader

62
Q

making clones of that specific helper t-cell, some of which become memory helper t-cells.
important actiavtion step mediated by IL-2

A

Clonal Prolieration

63
Q

viral envelope glycoproteins appear on the surface of the infected cells in association with what class of MHC?

A

MHC Class I

Cytotoxic t cells recognize viral anitgen on this and attack!

64
Q

_______ of response is mediated by by the antigen recognizing ability of the T and B cells receptors

A

Specificity

65
Q

Pathoway of acitvating B cells that is by peptide orgin (epitope )or anitgen

A

classical or T cell dependent pathway

66
Q

Antigen pathway (ex. bacterial polysachrrides) of activaion of b-cells directly that is less regulated and pronounced response. IgM mediated. no IL 4 or 5 signals.

A

T cell INdependent pathway

67
Q

What surface immunoglobuline allows for recognition of antigens?

A

IgM

A LOT of recognition

68
Q

____ can also present antigen epitopes to CD4 Helper T cells using MHC II protiens

69
Q

B cells can differentiate into what?

A

Plasma antibody producing cells

70
Q

AN ____ mediated response is produced against one type of bacteria, but a ____ mediated response occurs in response to another type of bacteria.

A
  1. Antibody- one type bacteria
  2. Cell mediated another type

They can occur at same time

71
Q

responders to an immune reaction inducing stimuli

A

Lymphoid cells

Give rise to lymphocytes

72
Q

Lymphoid line then differentiates into either ____ or ___ lymphocytes enhanced by IL-7.

A

B or T

Stay Bone marrow, go to Thymus

73
Q

T-cells in the thymus either become 1. or 2. ?

A
  1. CD4+ T helper
  2. CD8+ Cytotoxic T cell
74
Q

B cells in the bone marrow can diffrentiate into what?

A

Plasma cells

75
Q

Bone marrow stem cells become what cells?

A

Pro-B cells

76
Q

Pro B cells can differentitate based on their receptor or tag.
What are two options?

A
  1. Pre-B cell receptor -> plasma cell
  2. CD56-> NK cell
77
Q

B cell or T cell?

Antigen receptor recognizes only processed peptides in association with MHC protein

No whole unprocessed protien recognition!

78
Q

B cell or T cell?

Antigen receptor recognizes whole unprocessed proteins, and has no requirement for presentation by MHC protien

no need for processing

79
Q

____ lack any identifying surface proteins (CD 3, CD4 or CD 8)- CD means cluster of differentiation.** Before enteirng the thymys **

A

Pre-T cells

80
Q

Once T cells pass through the ____ they express both CD protiens (CD2 on all + differentiator CD4 or CD8 or CD3

A

Through Thymus

81
Q

T cells are double positive at first (contiain both CD4 and CD8) but what happne:
1. encounter MHC Class II =
2. encounter MHC Class I=

A
  1. encounter** MHC Class II = CD4+ **
  2. encounter **MHC Class I= CD8+ **
82
Q

T-cells have a____ receptor

A

CD3 Receptor

83
Q

B cells have _____ receptors= more range

A

Antigen recpetor

84
Q

Where are cells that are either CD4 + or CD8+ Bearing receptors for self proteins are** killed by apoptosis**

A

clonal deletion

85
Q

removal of cells that would not tolerate self proteins (i.e., they are inducing immune reaction against self proteins) which would result in **expansion of cells that are not attacking self proteins (self tolerance) **and prevent autoimmune reactions

A

negative selection process

86
Q

A transciriptor regulator enhances the synthesis of this array of self proteins ( remember all cells have a full set of our genes).

A

autoimmune regulator (AIRE)

87
Q

Main function of what

1) in the immune process as a receptacle for presenting antigens (which is essential in the activation of CD8 cells.
2) positive selection in the thymus.

A

MHC protiens

88
Q

How to prepare MHC for organ donation and graftin?

A

Find very similar MHC Class I btwen donor and reciever, giver streiouds (reduce immunity).

Cell mediated immunity is affected. Therefore, patient will become more susceptible to other infections.

89
Q

The ____ has its own immune system because of the vast amount of pathogens that enter the stomach.

A

gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
Gut

90
Q

No thymus. Immune deficient and susptible to many infectios depsite having. IELS

A

DiGeorge’s syndrome

1. Remanent of thymus fuctional
2. Extrathymic tissue take over functio

91
Q

40% of Lymphocytes are ____ they develop in a similar manner as to those that develop in the thymus

A

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) ,

91
Q

B cells undergo _____ by apoptosis of cells that exhibit self antigen receptors, which also induces tolerance and reduces autoimmune diseases.

A

negative selection (clonal deletion)

*first have a chance to edit their receptors before (-) selection turns

92
Q

B-cells edit out their receptors that are specific to self antigens (by using a different light chain in the receptor) which ultimately changes the specificity of the entire receptor and would** no longer recognize self proteins. **

A

Receptor editing

93
Q

are large granular lymphocytes. No anitgen presentation requried, look for cells that lack MHC Class I protien on surface= infected= destroy cell.

94
Q

Stem from Myeloid precourssors, have MHC II protiens on surface. APC & Phagocytosis

A

Macrophages

95
Q

Have extra arm, talk to MHC 2

A

CD4 T helper cell

96
Q

Carried out by Th1 CD4 cells. Interlukin mediated cell response. Produce __

A

Produce IL-2

97
Q

Carried out by Th-2 CD4 Helper cells, which help acitvate b cells. Produce __

A

IL-4 and IL-5

98
Q

Activated by IL-12 which is from macrophages that have processed microbs

A

Naive th-0 which becomes Th-1

Cell mediated Response

99
Q

Activated by IL-4 which is from from some human cell that has processed a microbe

A

TH-2 CD4 t cell

Humoral immunity

100
Q

human cell that produces IL-4, which induces naïve helper T cells to become ____ cells

A

Th-2 cells

101
Q

Th-2 cells production of IL-4 and IL-5 leads to

A

activation of B cells to become plasma cells (antibody immunity)

102
Q

IL-12 from Th1 cells also ____ the production of Th2 cells, tipping the scale further towards Th1 response

A

Inhibits
Th1 = IL-12 (stimulatory) + Interferon (inhibitory)

Cell mediated response

103
Q

IL-10 from Th-2 cellsinhibits IL-12 production by macrophages and drives the system toward a Th2 response

A

Inhibits
Th2 = IL-4 (stimulatory) + IL10 (inhibitory)

Humoral response

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