Oral Microbiome Flashcards
Both organims benefit
Symbiotic
Organism exsit in the presence of another but without affecting them but can become pathogenic if certian conditions arise
Commensals
Commensals in certian niches but can become pathogenic witha high virulance factor.
Opportunistic
an ecological community of symbiotic, commensal and pathogenic microorganisms.
Oral microbiome
If microorganims become imbalanaced what happnes?
Oral health suffers
What characterisitic make an oral niche?
pH, salinity, temperature, presense of mineral and nutrients.
Niches changes all throughout life
surface level & accessible what kind of niche?
Temporary niche
What kind of niches
microbes form ECM ; Biofilms, less affected and difficult to penetrate
Permanent niches
When a baby is born with not teetht their mouth is a ?
Sterile space
First essential microbiome of the mouth and gut is Introduced by the mother’s ___ and ___
Skin and milk
What are the initial colonizer species in babys?
Good guys;
Strep Salivarius
The oral cavity is mainly invaded by ____ in the first year
Aerobes
All example of what kind of organims and when do they invade?
- Streptococcus
- Lactobacillus
- Actinomyces
- Neisseria
- Veillonella
Study living and no vacation
Aerobes!
Initial invaders 1st year of life
Once tooth eruption begns, more ____ conditions can be found, these organisms can colonize on the nonshedding surfaces
Anerobic
Development of gingival crevices occurs for the colonization of what kind of microbs?
Periodontal microbs
what?
____ is seen at different sites on the tooth such as smooth surfaces and pit and fissure
Plaque accumulation
With aging when all teeth are lost, the flora becomes similar to what?
That of a child before teeth come in; aerobes.
In the battle of body agaisnt microbs;
What are things the body does to fight
- Physcial barries; regenerate mucousa
- New immune cells
- Nutriton & Oxygen (blood supply )
- Integrity of depper structures (bones, nerves)
In the battle of body agaisnt microbs;
What are things the microbs does to fight?
- Finding mateirals (ex. iron)
- Nutrients (ex. sugars)
- Finding good niches
How to measure when attrition is hapening in the oral microbiom?
- Probe for bone loss
- Look for inflamammtion
Healthy biofilm on teeth, good micorbs in tisues.
Eubiosys
Some acidity, some destruction starting to occure over time. Lots of new niches
But still reversible
Dysbiosis
final destruction decay, not reversible, no going back to healthy balance, many niches .
Caries
healthy inflammation in tisue, required so immune systemic active.
Homeostatic inflammation
Characterisitc of a healthy oral microbiome include:
- intact enamle
- SUPRA-ginigval eubiotic biofilms
- SUB-gingival eubiotic biofilms
- Homeostatic inflammation
- Inact Bone
Characterisitc of a diseased oral microbiome include:
- Caries
- Bone loss
- Supra and sub ginigval dysbiotic biofilms
- Periodontal pockets/ attachement loss
- GCF on epithelium
- Severe destructive inflmamtion
Dysbiosis .
bacteria that produce acid as they ferment sugars from the diet. The acid erodes the enamel of the teeth
Dental Cavities
In cavitys the frequency of acid production leads to what?
Erosion of the **buffering capacity of saliva **and frequent and sustained reductions in pH.
What 2 species of bacterial
metabolize dietary sugars to produce organic acids, primarily lactic acid.
The sustained production of these acids leads to a **drop in pH **in the oral environment, resulting in the dissolution of tooth mineral (demineralization).
Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli
Main cariogenic bacteria
Streptococcus Mutans
What is the entry point for the gut microbiome?
The mouth
In a healthy mouth, the envioment is hostile to what kinds of organims?
Gram (-)
The acidity of the gut equalizes hostility following transtion from mouth, and becomes equally hostile to what organism?
In duodenum
Gram (+)
Beyond the duodenum what kind of organisms remain?
Gram (-) that survived the oral mucosa
Colonic bacteria
Is it good to see a lot of gram(–) anaerobes in the mouth?
NO. Colonic bacteria is very bad.
Benefits of oral microbiom
- Prevents harmful colonization
- maintians structural integrity of oral mucosa
- produces vitamin K and some vit B
The presence of these commensal bacteria creates an environment that is unfavorable for the colonization of harmful pathogens.
Colonization Resistance
ensures that harmful bacteria have trouble establishing in the mouth
Every surface in the mouth, from the teeth to the tongue and cheeks, is covered with bacteria.
They occupy ____ for harmful bacteria
Binding sites
can create an environment where Opportunistic pathogens, like Candida (a type of fungus) or Staphylococcus aureus (a type of bacteria), can thrive and cause infections.
Antimicrobial Disruption
Some beneficial bacteria in the mouth produce substances that inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria.
This means they have ___ ____
Antagonistic Properties
This an example of?
Streptococcus salivarius, strain K12 produces a bacteriocin, a type of antimicrobial peptide, that can inhibit certain harmful esp Gram (-) bacteria associated with gum disease and bad breath.
Antagonistic Properties
Consumption of dietary nitrates that when consumed are reuduced to nitRITEs by oral bacteria.
Implicates caridovascular health.
Nitrate Metabolism
Overuse of H2O2 can do what?
Divert patient health, get rid of good bacteira and leave openings for harmful bacteria.
After ingestion, a portion of the dietary nitrate is secreted into the saliva and returned to the mouth. Here, oral bacteria convert it to **nitrite, which then enters the bloodstream**
Entero-salivary Circuit
A vasodialator, expands blood vessles, improves blood flow, reduces BP
Nitirc Oxide
Oral microbiome plays a crucial role in converting
Nitirates to nitrites
Usuing antimicorbial mouth rinses, can distrupt____ in the mouth
natural nitrate-reducing bacteria
Agressive oral health care routines can do what?
- Disrupt beneficial bacteria in mouth
Consuming a diet high in sugars and carbohydrates can lead to frequent ____ in the mouth. This acid challenges the mouth’s natural pH balance and can weaken tooth enamel.
Acid production= lower pH= weaken tooth enamel
A Consistant acidic enviroment can causes what?
A shift in the oral micobiome, favoring bacteria that contribute to tooth decay
What are the 2 most complex microbioms in the body
- Colon
- Oral cavity
The ____ microbiota in the oral cavity plays a pivotal role in upholding oral and systemic health
Commensal
What diseases?
They arise from a complex interplay between the commensal microbiota, host susceptibility, and environmental factors.
Not imediate infection, they occur over time.
Caries and periodontitis
A lot of __ and ___ results ina microbiome that is able to withstand enviormental challanges
Redudancy & Diversity among microbs
Diseaaes that are associate with ____ microbiota are not causes by a single pathogen.
They arise from a combination of factors, including interactions with the commensal microbiota, host factors, and environmental influences.
Commensal Microbiota
a comprehensive resource that offers descriptions of oral bacterial taxa, a 16S rRNA identification tool, and a repository of oral bacterial genome sequences.
All bacteria have rRNA, useful tool for ID!
Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD)
In a healthy states, the microbiome is in a state of equillibrium.
Inbalances can result in an overgrowth of ?
Cariogenic Bacteria
a type of biofilm, plays a crucial role in caries development.
Protects organims deep within the biofilm from antimicrobial agens.
Allow for accumulation of acid= demineralization
Dental plaque
Allow for accumulation of acid in the mouth results in?
Demineralization of the enamel.
WHat are some things that can result in further effects of cariogenic bacetria?
- Frequent consumption of fermentable carbs
- Reduce salivary flow; no neutalization of acids
Regular oral hygiene practices, including brushing and flossing, can help
Remove dental plaque and # of cariogenic bacteria.
What can lack of flossing and brushing result in?
Does it help to pick up healthy practices AFTER damage is done?
buildup of gram (-) anerobic bacteria that will form a niche and biofilm.
No.. Once biofilm is formed, then the water pick/brushing will not remove the plaque or decay.
Prefers oxgen but can live without it
Facultative aerobes
Requires oxygen to live
Obligative Aerobes
Can only live in oxygen free enviroment, it cannot accept oxygen as its final electron acceptor.
Strict anerobes.
In the layering of the microbes in the mouth, where do aerobes and anerobes sit?
Aerobes lay on top, oxygen rich
Anerobes lay deep below and populate the area ONLY after alll aerobes are down!
Once Streptococcus Mutans enters the oral microbiome what will occur?
All other bacteria will be required to produce glucans, caries formation
What is periodontal disease?
are infections of the structures around the teeth, which include the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.
What is the early stage of periodontal disease where the infection only affects the gums?
Gingivitis
What is the primary cause of periodontal disease?
Accumulation of bacterial plaque on teeth and gums.
Smoking or chewing tobacco
Poor oral hygiene
Hormonal changes (e.g., pregnancy, menopause)
Diabetes
Medications that reduce saliva flow
Genetic susceptibility
Symptoms of periodontal disease?
Red, swollen, or tender gums
Bleeding while brushing or flossing
Gums that pull away from the teeth
Persistent bad breath= anerobic bacteria
Loose or separating teeth
Changes in the way teeth fit together when biting
Formation of deep pockets between teeth and gums
What is genetic susceptibility that live together and have the same diet that causes one person to have dental caries and the other not?
- Epigenetics, gene for recessive or dominant trait differ in genes for how much enamel is produced over time others
- differences in immune system function
- microbiome makeup
The most common form, characterized by inflammation within the supporting tissues of the teeth and progressive attachment and bone loss.
Chronic Periodontitis
Occurs in patients who are otherwise clinically healthy and is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction.
Aggressive Periodontitis
An infection characterized by the death of gingival tissues, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.
Necrotizing Periodontal Disease
How do you treat Periodontitis?
- SRP (deep cleaning)
- Mediaction (antimicrobial rinsies, chips, gels)
- Surgical tx (open flap, BG, tissue grafts)
Main goal = CONTROL INFECTION
What are complications of periodontal disease
- tooth loss
- Increase risk of stroke, heart attack, etc.
occur within the dental pulp and root canal system. They can lead to pain, abscess formation, and tooth loss.
Endodontic Infections
Associated with what kind of infection?
Enterococcus faecalis + Fusobacterium nucleatum
Endodontic Infection
How to prevent + treat endodontic infections?
- RCT
- Tx of caries
characterized by an unpleasant odor from the mouth. It can be transient or chronic.
Halitosis (bad breath)
Associated with what kind of infection?
Volatile sulfur compounds produced by bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia
Halitosis
cancer can develop in any part of the oral cavity, including the lips, tongue, cheeks, and floor of the mouth
Oral Cancer
How to avoid oral cancer?
- Avoid tabacco & alcohol
- regular dental check ups for early dectection
What comesal bacteria?
Gram-positive bacterium.
Role in Health: Competes with S. mutans for colonization, thus potentially reducing the risk of cavities.
Distribution: Commonly found on tooth surfaces and in saliva.
Interactions: Can inhibit the growth of S. mutans by producing hydrogen peroxide.
Streptococcus sanguinis
Thank u next!
What comesal bacteria?
Gram-positive bacterium.
Role in Health: Plays a role in the initial colonization of tooth surfaces, paving the way for other commensal bacteria.
Distribution: Found on tooth surfaces and in saliva.
Interactions: Forms biofilms with other oral bacteria, promoting oral health.
may bring bad bacteria later
Streptococcus gordonii
gordita gets to the buffet first
What Pathogenic Bacteria?
Gram-negative bacterium.
Role in Disease: Associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis, especially in younger individuals.
Virulence Factors: Produces leukotoxin, which can damage white blood cells. Inhibit B cell growth.
Distribution: Found in the deep pockets (anerobic) of the gums in individuals with aggressive periodontitis
Juvinile periodontitis
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitan
Star of the show!
Actino-my-see-com-it-tans
What Pathogenic Bacteria?
Gram-positive bacterium.
Role in Disease: Along with S. mutans, it plays a significant role in dental caries.
Distribution: Found on tooth surfaces, especially in individuals with high cavity rates.
Streptococcus sobrinus
Need a straw cause theyre always drinking sodas with high cavity rates
What Opportunistic Pathogen?
Gram-negative, anaerobicbacterium.
Role in Disease: Can contribute to periodontal disease, especially in pregnant women and smokers.
Distribution: Found in dental plaque and periodontal pockets.
weaker immune systems
Prevotella intermedia
Fake AF. Two faced. Play nice then strike when immune system is weaker
What Opportunistic Pathogen?
Gram-negative bacterium.
Role in Disease: While typically harmless, it can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals.
Distribution: Commonly found in the oral cavity, especially in the presence of gum disease
Capnocytophaga
Nice, but They will fight you no cap! Doesnt care that youre weak.
What bacteria has been found in elevated levels in oral cancer tissue?
promotes inflammtion + tissue damage
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
What does the mutans group of streptococcus produce?
They produce acid rapidly, which produces a more cariogenic enviroment.
Mutans, sorbinus, criceti
What group of bacteria?
Found on mucosal surfaces, including the tongue.:
Streptococcus salivarius,
Streptococcus vestibularis
Salivarius group
What bacteria from salivarius group?
Produces an extracellular unusual fructan but is not considered a significant opportunistic bacterium
Streptococcus salivarius
What bacteria from salivarius group?
Generates urease, which produces ammonia, raising the local pH. Also produces hydrogen peroxide, contributing to the sialoperoxidase system.
Good bacteria. Combats mutans.
Streptococcus vestibularis
Includes S. sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus oralis.
Except for S. mitis, they may become opportunistic pathogens causinginfective endocarditis
Mitis Group
WHat group?
Found in dental plaque and mucosal surfaces. Involved in various infections. Includes:
* Streptococcus anginosus
* Streptococcus intermedius
* and Streptococcus constellatus.
Anginosus Group
An early adjacent colonizer of teeth. Shows “satellitism,” where growth is seen around colonies of other bacteria producing growth factors.
Granulicatella adiacens
Includes
* Peptostreptococcus stomatis
* Parvimonas micra
* Finegoldia magna.
Often found in dental abscesses carious dentin, infected pulp chambers, root canals, and advanced periodontal disease.
Anaerobic Cocci
Isolated from infected root canals and periodontal pockets resistant to therapy. Can survive bio-acids in the duodenum (gram +). HORRIBLE.
Enterococcus faecalis
What Gram - cocci
Help in plaque formation by consuming oxygen, enabling obligate anaerobes to flourish.
Neisseria species
What Gram - cocci?
Anaerobic Gram-negative cocci mostly found in plaque. They metabolize lactic acid.
Veillonella specie
What gram - bacilli ?
Carbon dioxide-dependent, associated with destructive periodontal disease
Capnocytophaga:
What gram - bacilli ?
Found in dental plaque, associated with various oral conditions.
Eikenella corrodens:
What gram - bacilli ?
Strict anaerobes with a slender shape. Involved in inflammatory periodontal disease.
Fusobacterium species
Smallest free-growing cells without a peptidoglycan layer. Found in saliva and oral mucosa. May play a role in salivary gland hypofunction and periodontal disease.
Mycoplasma Species
anaerobic Dark oxygen deprived rods (colonic)
Gram Negative Rods
75% or more
sunny aerobic cocci
Gram + Cocci
viewed as harmless saprophytes. Their association with oral diseases is believed to be nutritional. Poor oral hygiene can lead to increased food debris and bacteria, which serve as food sources for these protozoa.
Protozoa in the oral microbiome
Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax
What fungi?
are commonly found in the oral cavity. They are present in approximately half of the population and can exist without causing any symptoms.
Increase with age.
Albicans in main player
Candida Species
Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, Saccharomycetales, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Cryptococcus.
A healthy oral microbiome has what?
A lot of organims diversity
When where is an overpowering amout of a certain bacteria in the mouth what does this mean?
Unhealthy microbiome
4 characertistic of gingivitis
- Plaque accumulation
- Increased inflammation
- High GCF, low redox potential
- Mostly Gram (-) obligate anerobes
WHat are the 7 key periodontopathogens?
- Porphyromonas gingivalis (red)
- Prevotella intermedia (orange)
- Tannerella forsythia (red)
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
- Fusobacterium nucleatum (orange)
- Capnocytophaga species
- Treponema denticola. (red)
Pigs Go Playing In The Fango And Act Funny Not Courteous So They dance
In the sokransky tabel, green, purple, and yellow bacteria are what?
Host compatible and associated with healthy tissue sites in the mouth
In the sokransky light & dark orange bacteria are what?
Are assocated with increased pocket depth and with higher amounts they leave to colonization of red complex bacteria
In the sokransky red bacteria are what?
Found frequently in deep periodontal pockets,
WHat 3 bacteria are found in red complex; which are found most frequently In deep periodontal pockets.
- P gingivalis
- T Forythia
- T Denticola
WHat 3 bacteria of the orane orange complex; which are found most frequently In deep periodontal pockets.
- P. Intermedia
- F nucleatum
- Peptostreptococcus micros
WHat 4 bacteria are found in green complex; Gram +
- E corrodens
- C gingivalis
- C sputigene
- C orchacea
- C concisus
- A actino a
Agressive periodontitis is strongly associated with the presence of what tipping point bacteria that is good for prognostic measurements?
A actinomycetemcomitans
Amount is what matters, its can be in healthy sites. but high levels= ba
Infection with this bacterium causes neutrophil abnormalities, including signal transduction, reduced chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, and increased superoxide production. Agresive pathogen. Escape adaptive immunity. Hard to kills.
A actinomycetemcomitans
By A actinomycetemcomitans
Production of Collagenase and lipopolysaccharide(enzyme that destroy local tissue= make hard for adaptive repsosne) results in what effet?
activates the alternative complement pathway and stimulates** bone resorption.**
A specific, anaerobic, polymicrobial infection of gingivaltissue by oral spirochetes (Treponema species) and a range of “fusiform” bacteria (Fusobacterium species), which together form a **“fusospirochetal complex”
MOST AGGRESSIVE. **
Nectrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
is one of the red complex bacteria.
It is a Gram-negative, nonmotile, obligately anaerobic bacillus.
Use a broad range antibiotic
It **requires hemin **(which carries iron and protoporphyrin) and vitamin Κ for growth.
P gingivalis
Once necrosis sets in what?
No antibiotics will help, you have clean the tissue and remove it.
It is a Gram-negative, pleomorphic bacillus.
It is a strict anaerobe and requires vitamin K and hemin for growth.
It is associated with chronic periodontitis and dentoalveolar abscesses. Its virulence factors include phospholipase A, immunoglobulin (Ig) A/IgG proteases (more likely to stick, more likely to cause ilnesss) , mercaptans, and hydrogen sulfide.
P Intermedia
Orange Complex
What virulence factor
revents opsinization Ex. Strep pneumonia
Capsul
What virulence factor
Destroys neutrophils
Leukotoxins
What virulence factor
destroy opsinization & Membrane attack complex
Complement degrading protease
Explain plaque hypothesis
disease can be prevented by by interfering with inflammation, and altering the redox potential of the periodontal pocket to prevent the growth of obligate anaerobes.
are pus-producing (pyogenic) infections associated with the teeth and surrounding supporting structures, such as the periodontium or alveolar bone, developes as extension of inital caries lesion
Dentaalveolar infection
cocci arranged in chains or pairs, catalase negative
Strep Gram +
Catalase postive
staphylococci
streptococci form a **green zone **around their colonies as a result of incomplete lysis of red blood cells in the agar.
Partial destruction
Alpha Hemolysis
streptococci form a clear zone around their colonies because complete lysis of the red cells occurs
Agressive
Beta Hemolytic
zero hemolysis of RBC
Gamma Hemolytic
the leading bacterial cause of pharyngitis and cellulitis (soft tissue infection
group A streptococcus (S. pyogenes)
Partial hemolysis (alpha), green color.
Main cause of dental caries as mentioned before and are a major cause of endocarditis (once it reaches blood)
Viridans Group
S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae), S. pneumoniae and enterococci.
Strep.
Treated with Penicillling G or Amoxicillian
Group A streptococcal infections
Treated with either penicillin G or ampicillin
group B streptococcal infections
In patients with damaged heart valves who undergo invasive dental procedures, endocarditis caused by viridans streptococci can be prevented by using what and when?
Amoxicillian PRE-OPERATIVLEY
