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PER 1001 > Review of Immunology Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Review of Immunology Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What hypersensitivity?

Production of **IgE antibodies **leading to the immediate release of vasoactive means another mediators from mast cells later recruitment of inflmatory cells.

mass release of histamines= hypotension, SHOCK, anaphylaxis

A

Immediate Type I Hypersensitivity

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2
Q

What hypersensitivity?

Production of IgG, IgM which Bind to antigenson target cells are tissues -> phagocytosis, or lysis of target cell, by activated complement Fc receptors; recruitment of leukocytes

Latent reaction; chronic inflammation

A

Antibody Mediated Type 2 Hypersensitivitys

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3
Q

What hypersensitivity?

Deposition of antigen antibody complexes, -> complement activation -> recruitment of leukocytes by complement products in FC receptors -> release of enzymes and other toxic molecules

A

Immune complex-mediated Hypersensitivity Type 3

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4
Q

What hypersensitivity?

Activated T lymphocytes ->
1. release of cytokines inflamation and macrophaes activation
2. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

T-cell mediated Hypersensitvity Type 4

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5
Q

WHy hypersensitivity caases this?

  • Vascular dialation
  • Edema
  • Smoth muscle contractio
  • tissue injury
  • Inflammation
    =Anaphlyaxis, bronchial asthma, allergies
A

Type 1

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6
Q

WHat kind of hypersensitivity rxn?

  • Phagocytosis & cell lysis
  • Some inflammatiin
  • Functuon derangmenr w/out cell tissue unjry
    Ex. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Good pastrure syndrome
A

Type 2

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7
Q
  • Inflammation
  • necrotizing vasculitis (fibrinoid necrosis)
    Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Arthus reaction
A

Type 3 Hypersensitivity

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8
Q
  • Perivascular cellular infiltrates
  • Edeama
  • Granuloma formation
  • Cell destruction
    Contact dermitits, multiples sclerosis, Type 1 diabetets, TB
A

Type 4 hypersensisvity

Immmune response! T cells

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9
Q

What is signala?

The signal that **drives the differentiation **of undifferentiated, (naïve ) helper T cells go down to the Th-1 type of differentiate which direction is a cell mediated delayed hyperpersensitivity response against the organism

A

Il-12

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10
Q

significant role in the mucosal immunity of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (this will include the mucosa of the mouth

recruits neutriphils to site of bacterial infections, o2

A

immune responders (called Th-17)

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11
Q

paired with IL-4 stimulates development of cells, enhances class switdh to IgE

A

Th-2 Cell

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12
Q

Activates macrophaes to kill intracellular protienes

A

Th-1 Cells

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13
Q

HLA is housed on what? WHy is this significant?

A

Housed on MHC CLass I and II. Used Class I for matchign with donors, more specificty.

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14
Q

CD4 helper cell activation and production of IL-2 will only occure if what?

A

Only occur if B7 proiten on APC binds the CD28 protien on the T-Cell.

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15
Q

WHen a CD8 Cytotoxic t cell binds via its TCR to the Class I MHC on virus infected cell, what helps stavlized this connection?

A

CD28 Portien on CD8 T cell

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16
Q

What protien is used to turn off CD4 helper T cell.
Binds to B7 on APC and displaces CD28

A

(CTLA-4)

inhibit T-cell acitvation, reduce organ rejection

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17
Q

Mutant T cells that do not have CTLA-4 that cant be deactivated causes what?

A

Autoimmune disorders

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18
Q

enhancers of cellular immunity, are used to increase immunity, this is in trials to be used as a potential therapy to reduce the tolerance of immune system to tumor cells and thus help mount a response against them

A

Antagonists of CTLA4 (

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19
Q

Agonists of CTLA4 are used coupled with ____ to reduce immunity and are in trials to treat immune disorders such as Rheumatoid arthritis and renal transplants in specific patients (with EBV virus).

A

IG, antibody is an inhibitor of an inhibitor of the immune response

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20
Q
  • globulin proteins that react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.
    *20% of protein in blood Plasma
    *alpha, beta, gamma globulins
    IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
A

Antibodies

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21
Q

WHat antibody?

1.majority in serum
2. smallest; monomer
3. Opsinization
4. Complement activation
5. Ellict pro-inflammatory response
4. Divalent
4. Transplacental passage
5. Most abundant Ig in newborns

A

IgG

Gamma globulin

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22
Q
  1. 15% in serum
  2. monomer or dimer
  3. Highest levels in body b/c all in mucous membrane
  4. secreted in breast milk
  5. Prevent attachment of microbs to mucous membranes
A

IgA

alpha globulin

23
Q
  1. Pentamer (serum) or monomer (surface of B cells); class switch
  2. largest
  3. *Main starter *of hummoral response
  4. Complement fixation
  5. Antigen receptor on B cell
A

IgM

24
Q
  1. monomer
  2. suface of many B cells
  3. just kinda there…
A

IgD

25
Q
  1. Mediates allergic response ; hypersensitivity 1
  2. smallest amount in serum
  3. activates histamines
  4. monomers
  5. Defense from parasites.
A

IgE

26
Q

descirbe structure of antibody

A

Fc fragment, base (2 constant heavy chains) linked by disulfied bonds

Fab fragments, hinge a light chain attach to each heavy chain.

End of light and heavy has a variable region. Antigen binding site 5-10 aa

Y shaped

27
Q

Two important genes that encode recombinases are _____

Mutations in these genes arrest the development of lymphocytes and result in* severe combined immunodeficiency*

A

RAG-1 and RAG-2

28
Q

____ using a relativley small number of genes (similar to TCR genes) are used to produce a** large number of different/specific antibodies** (100 million different kinds).

A

VDJ Recombination

29
Q

Each immunoglobunlin chain consits of 2 distinct regions:
1. and 2.

A
  1. Variable (V)
  2. Constant (C)
30
Q

There is a seperate gene pool for each type of what?

A

Immunoglobulin Chains;
2 lights and 5 heavy chains

31
Q

Each pool of genes for each type of immunoglobulin chain contains diffrent gene segemens for the:

What letters..

A
  • V
  • D (diversity only on Heavy Chain)
  • J (joining)
  • C genes
32
Q

During B-cell differentiation, the first translocation ____ as the first antibody produced in a primary response.

A

IgM

33
Q

After genetic rearrangement the rest of the gene pool (that was not used) is discarded this is why that particular _____ becomes committed to that one specific antibody specific to small spectrum of antigen(s).

A

B cell

34
Q

Clonal expansion of that one B cell/plasma cell means the body has met that ____ and selected the prope cell, expanded it and produced a large sum of antibody (titer)

A

Antigen

35
Q

Prior to the release of the antibdoy a ____ portion is added to the H-chain

A

Sugar portion

36
Q

IgG molecule consists of two ____ chains and two ____ chains linked by disulfide bonds (molecular formula H2L2).

A

2 light and 2 heavy

37
Q

What subclass of IgG

makes up most (65%)

A

IgG1

38
Q

What subclass of IgG

antibody is directed against polysaccharide antigens and is an important host defense against encapsulated bacteria.

A

IgG2

39
Q

crosses the placenta not only due to size, but its _____ attached to placental cells

A

Fc portion

40
Q

What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in newborns?

A

IgG

41
Q

What to Immunoglobulin in newborns?

A

IgG

42
Q

If we make antibodies from one** single clone of cells **(for example a plasma cell tumor or myeloma) these are homogenous

A

monoclonal

43
Q

Another inhibitory protein on the surface of T cells

A

PD-1 (programmed cell death-1)

44
Q

PD-1 interact with its ligand (PDL-1) on the surface of ____ like dendritic cells and macrophages.

the immune response is inhibited similar to CTLA-4

A

APC

45
Q

Antibodies & Antagonistic drugs agaisnt PD-1 and CTLA-4 do what?

A

Enhance immune response and are effective against some cancers.

46
Q

How are T-cells activated?

A
  1. Via an APC with MHC-II that binds to a T-cell receptor on a CD4 T cell, which then produces IL-2 which will onyl occur if B7 protien on APC binds to CD28 on CD4 t-cell.
  2. A virus-infected cell uses its **MHC-I to present viral antigen–> viral antigen recognized by TCR (it is specific to that antigen) -> IL-2 produced by the helper T-cell activates this CD8 cell **to kill the viral infected cell. -> CD8 protein helps stabilize the interaction between the two cells.
47
Q

consists of two polypeptides, both of which are encoded by genes in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus

A

Class II MHC

48
Q

only one of its polypeptide encoded by the HLA locus and β2 - microglobulin (β2 MG), which is encoded somewhere else

A

Class I MHC

49
Q

Th-1 Cells produced what cytokiene?

acitvate macropahges + kill intracellular microbs

A

Gamma Interferon

50
Q

Th-2 Cells produced what cytokiene?

Stimulate development of Th-2 cells and enhace class switching to IgE

A

Interlukin-4 (IL-4)

51
Q

Th-17 Cells produced what cytokiene?

Recruit Neutrophils to site of infection

A

Interlukin-17 (IL-17)

52
Q

____ The stmulator signal that drives differentiation of naive helper T cells to go down the Th-1type differentiated

Drivers cell mediated response (Delayed Hypersensistivy) agaisnt organism

A

IL-12

53
Q

Interaction of a specific lipoprotien(surface of bacteria) and TLR on macrophaes induced the production of what signal?

A

IL-12

PER 1001 (9 decks)

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