Review of Immunology Pt. 2 Flashcards by Maria Zepeda

What hypersensitivity?

Production of **IgE antibodies **leading to the immediate release of vasoactive means another mediators from mast cells later recruitment of inflmatory cells.

mass release of histamines= hypotension, SHOCK, anaphylaxis

Immediate Type I Hypersensitivity

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What hypersensitivity?

Production of IgG, IgM which Bind to antigenson target cells are tissues -> phagocytosis, or lysis of target cell, by activated complement Fc receptors; recruitment of leukocytes

Latent reaction; chronic inflammation

Antibody Mediated Type 2 Hypersensitivitys

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What hypersensitivity?

Deposition of antigen antibody complexes, -> complement activation -> recruitment of leukocytes by complement products in FC receptors -> release of enzymes and other toxic molecules

Immune complex-mediated Hypersensitivity Type 3

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What hypersensitivity?

Activated T lymphocytes ->
1. release of cytokines inflamation and macrophaes activation
2. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity

T-cell mediated Hypersensitvity Type 4

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WHy hypersensitivity caases this?

Vascular dialation
Edema
Smoth muscle contractio
tissue injury
Inflammation
=Anaphlyaxis, bronchial asthma, allergies

Type 1

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WHat kind of hypersensitivity rxn?

Phagocytosis & cell lysis
Some inflammatiin
Functuon derangmenr w/out cell tissue unjry
Ex. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Good pastrure syndrome

Type 2

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Inflammation
necrotizing vasculitis (fibrinoid necrosis)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Arthus reaction

Type 3 Hypersensitivity

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Perivascular cellular infiltrates
Edeama
Granuloma formation
Cell destruction
Contact dermitits, multiples sclerosis, Type 1 diabetets, TB

Type 4 hypersensisvity

Immmune response! T cells

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What is signala?

The signal that **drives the differentiation **of undifferentiated, (naïve ) helper T cells go down to the Th-1 type of differentiate which direction is a cell mediated delayed hyperpersensitivity response against the organism

Il-12

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significant role in the mucosal immunity of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (this will include the mucosa of the mouth

recruits neutriphils to site of bacterial infections, o2

immune responders (called Th-17)

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paired with IL-4 stimulates development of cells, enhances class switdh to IgE

Th-2 Cell

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Activates macrophaes to kill intracellular protienes

Th-1 Cells

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HLA is housed on what? WHy is this significant?

Housed on MHC CLass I and II. Used Class I for matchign with donors, more specificty.

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CD4 helper cell activation and production of IL-2 will only occure if what?

Only occur if B7 proiten on APC binds the CD28 protien on the T-Cell.

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WHen a CD8 Cytotoxic t cell binds via its TCR to the Class I MHC on virus infected cell, what helps stavlized this connection?

CD28 Portien on CD8 T cell

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What protien is used to turn off CD4 helper T cell.
Binds to B7 on APC and displaces CD28

(CTLA-4)

inhibit T-cell acitvation, reduce organ rejection

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Mutant T cells that do not have CTLA-4 that cant be deactivated causes what?

Autoimmune disorders

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enhancers of cellular immunity, are used to increase immunity, this is in trials to be used as a potential therapy to reduce the tolerance of immune system to tumor cells and thus help mount a response against them

Antagonists of CTLA4 (

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Agonists of CTLA4 are used coupled with ____ to reduce immunity and are in trials to treat immune disorders such as Rheumatoid arthritis and renal transplants in specific patients (with EBV virus).

IG, antibody is an inhibitor of an inhibitor of the immune response

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globulin proteins that react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.
*20% of protein in blood Plasma
*alpha, beta, gamma globulins
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

Antibodies

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WHat antibody?

1.majority in serum
2. smallest; monomer
3. Opsinization
4. Complement activation
5. Ellict pro-inflammatory response
4. Divalent
4. Transplacental passage
5. Most abundant Ig in newborns

IgG

Gamma globulin

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15% in serum
monomer or dimer
Highest levels in body b/c all in mucous membrane
secreted in breast milk
Prevent attachment of microbs to mucous membranes

IgA

alpha globulin

Pentamer (serum) or monomer (surface of B cells); class switch
largest
*Main starter *of hummoral response
Complement fixation
Antigen receptor on B cell

IgM

monomer
suface of many B cells
just kinda there…

IgD

1. Mediates allergic response ; hypersensitivity 1 2. smallest amount in serum 3. activates histamines 4. monomers 5. Defense from parasites.

IgE

descirbe structure of antibody

Fc fragment, base (2 constant heavy chains) linked by disulfied bonds Fab fragments, hinge a light chain attach to each heavy chain. End of light and heavy has a variable region. Antigen binding site 5-10 aa Y shaped

Two important genes that encode recombinases are _____ Mutations in these genes **arrest the development** of lymphocytes and result in* severe combined immunodeficiency*

RAG-1 and RAG-2

____ using a relativley small number of genes (similar to TCR genes) are used to produce a** large number of different/specific antibodies** (100 million different kinds).

VDJ Recombination

Each immunoglobunlin chain consits of 2 distinct regions: 1. and 2.

1. Variable (V) 2. Constant (C)

There is a seperate gene pool for each type of what?

Immunoglobulin Chains; 2 lights and 5 heavy chains

Each pool of genes for each type of immunoglobulin chain contains diffrent gene segemens for the: | What letters..

* V * D (diversity only on Heavy Chain) * J (joining) * C genes

During B-cell differentiation, the first translocation ____ as the first antibody produced in a primary response.

IgM

After genetic rearrangement the rest of the gene pool (that was not used) is discarded this is why that particular _____ becomes **committed to that one specific antibody** specific to small spectrum of antigen(s).

B cell

Clonal expansion of that one **B cell/plasma** cell means the body has met that ____ and selected the prope cell, expanded it and produced a large sum of antibody (titer)

Antigen

Prior to the release of the antibdoy a ____ portion is added to the H-chain

Sugar portion

IgG molecule consists of two ____ chains and two ____ chains linked by disulfide bonds (molecular formula H2L2).

2 light and 2 heavy

# What subclass of IgG makes up most (65%)

IgG1

# What subclass of IgG antibody is directed against polysaccharide antigens and is an important host defense against encapsulated bacteria.

IgG2

crosses the placenta not only due to size, but its _____ attached to placental cells

Fc portion

What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in newborns?

IgG

What to Immunoglobulin in newborns?

IgG

If we make antibodies from one** single clone of cells **(for example a plasma cell tumor or myeloma) these are homogenous

monoclonal

Another inhibitory protein on the surface of T cells

PD-1 (programmed cell death-1)

PD-1 interact with its ligand (PDL-1) on the surface of ____ like dendritic cells and macrophages. the immune response is inhibited similar to CTLA-4

APC

Antibodies & Antagonistic drugs agaisnt PD-1 and CTLA-4 do what?

Enhance immune response and are effective against some cancers.

How are T-cells activated?

1. Via an **APC with MHC-II** that binds to a T-cell receptor on a CD4 T cell, which then produces IL-2 which will onyl occur if B7 protien on APC binds to CD28 on CD4 t-cell. 2. A **virus-infected cell** uses its **MHC-I **to present viral antigen--> viral antigen recognized by TCR (it is specific to that antigen) -> IL-2 produced by the helper T-cell** activates this CD8 cell **to kill the viral infected cell. -> CD8 protein helps stabilize the interaction between the two cells.

consists of two polypeptides, both of which are encoded by genes in the **human leukocyte antigen (HLA)** locus

Class II MHC

only one of its polypeptide encoded by the HLA locus and β2 - microglobulin (β2 MG), which is encoded somewhere else

Class I MHC

# Th-1 Cells produced what cytokiene? acitvate macropahges + kill intracellular microbs

Gamma Interferon

# Th-2 Cells produced what cytokiene? Stimulate development of Th-2 cells and enhace class switching to IgE

Interlukin-4 (IL-4)

# Th-17 Cells produced what cytokiene? Recruit Neutrophils to site of infection

Interlukin-17 (IL-17)

____ The stmulator signal that drives differentiation of naive helper T cells to go down the Th-1type differentiated Drivers cell mediated response (Delayed Hypersensistivy) agaisnt organism

IL-12

Interaction of a specific lipoprotien(surface of bacteria) and TLR on macrophaes induced the production of what signal?

IL-12