Review Material

Question 1

Hemicholinuims

Answer 1

block choline uptake

Question 2

esamicol

Answer 2

blocks transport of VAT

Question 3

botulinum toxin

Answer 3

blocks Ca++ calmodulin association with VAMP and SNAP

Question 4

AchE inhibitors

Answer 4

inhibit AchE, make it so Ach can’t get hydrolyzed

Question 5

RESERPINE

Answer 5

block catecholamine storage in VMAT

Question 6

bretylium

Answer 6

inhibits VAMP

Question 7

What are teh contractile proteins in skeletal muscle

Answer 7

actin
myosin
tropomyosin
troponin

Question 8

What are the contractile proteins in smooth muscle

Answer 8

actin
myosin
tropomyosin

Question 9

How does Ca++ participate in skeletal muscle

Answer 9

Ca++ binds to troponin C which exposes an active site on actin so myosin can bind. When you lose the Ca++, tropomyosin moves back, covers the active site again.

Question 10

How does Ca++ participate in smooth msucle

Answer 10

Starts with an increase in intracellular Ca++. Calcium binds to calmodlun. Calmodulin-Ca++ binds to and activates MLCK

Question 11

Steps in contraction of smooth muslce

Answer 11

• Increase in intracellular Ca++
• Calcium binds to calmodulin
• Calmodulin-Ca++ binds to and activates MLCK
• MLCK phosphorylates mycoin and allows for activation of mycosin ATPase and thus binding of actin and myosin

Question 12

Steps in relaxation of smooth muscle

Answer 12

• Intracellular Ca++ conc decrease, preventing further MLCK activation
• Dephosphorylation of myosin by myosin phosphatase

Question 13

Which has end feet- smooth or skeletal muscle

Answer 13

skeletal

Question 14

What are the neuronal regulators of smooth muscle contraction

Answer 14

Acetylocholine
NE
NO

Question 15

How does depolarization happen in spike potentals of smooth muscle

Answer 15

movement of Ca++ and Na+ into the cell

Question 16

How does depolarization happen in plateued action potentials of smooth muscle

Answer 16

prolonged and slow opening of Ca++ channels

Question 17

Normal PR interval

Answer 17

0.12 - 0.2

Question 18

Noraml QRS complex

Answer 18

0.06-0.12

Question 19

RV interval is longer than normal

Answer 19

heart block

Question 20

all very large and wide QRS complexes

Answer 20

BBB

Question 21

What happes in phase 0 of SA AP

Answer 21

Ca++ enters the cell

Question 22

What happens in phase 3 of SA AP

Answer 22

K+ exits the cell

Question 23

What happens in phase 4 of SA AP

Answer 23

Na+ enters the cell

Question 24

Example of postive chronotroph

Answer 24

NO
epinephrine
isoproterenol

Question 25

Affect of postive chronotroph

Answer 25

increase permeability of nodal cells to Na+ and Ca++

Question 26

How does postive chronotroph affect the slope of phase 4

Answer 26

increases

Question 27

Example of negative chronotroph

Answer 27

acetylcholine

Question 28

Affect of negative chronotroph

Answer 28

increases permeability of nodal cells to K+ | lowers resting potential

Question 29

How does negative chronotroph affect slope of phase 4

Answer 29

lowers

Question 30

Albumin

Answer 30

responsible for colloid osmotic pressure

Question 31

Haptoglobin

Answer 31

helps in iron conservation

Question 32

Transferrin

Answer 32

transports iron throught the body

Question 33

hematopoiesis

Answer 33

process by which all blood cells are formed

Question 34

TPO

Answer 34

major growth factor, stimulates platelet production

Question 35

EPO

Answer 35

major growth factor, stimulates production of RBCs during progenitor stage

Question 36

Enzymes present in RBCs

Answer 36

lactate dehydrogenase | carbonic anyhdrase

Question 37

Function of lactate dehydrogenase

Answer 37

elevated levels with hemolysis

Question 38

Function of carbonic anhydrase

Answer 38

facilitates converstion of CO2 into carbonic acid

Question 39

How do shape of RBC affect function

Answer 39

increases surface to volume ratio. Easily deformable for passage through the body

Question 40

Hemoatocrit

Answer 40

percentage of entire blood sample that is occupied by RBCs

Question 41

MCV

Answer 41

mean cell volume

Question 42

MCHC

Answer 42

how much hemoglobin is found in the RBC

Question 43

RDW

Answer 43

degree of variability in size of RBC (measures uniformity

Question 44

erthropoesis

Answer 44

formation of RBC

Question 45

mechanism of erythropoietin production

Answer 45

erthyroid progenitors erythroblasts immature erythrocytes mature RBCs

Question 46

What would cause an increase in reticulocytes in blood

Answer 46

recent increase in erythropoiesis, bone marrow tumor, hypoxia, hemolysis

Question 47

What would cause a decrease in reticulocytes in blood

Answer 47

dimishinging erythropoiesis

Question 48

What are the components of the antivoguation system

Answer 48

``` vascular system platelet system coagulation system anti-cogaulation system fibrinolysis system ```

Question 49

How does heparin regulate thrombin and factor Xa degration

Answer 49

speeds up proteolysis with antithrombin, but has no affect on antcogulation on it'self

Question 50

Describe the mechanism by which the thrombin/thrombomodulin complex reduces coagulation.

Answer 50

Thrombin + thrombomodulin = converts thrombin into an anticoagulant enzyme Thrombin/thrombomodulin complex = activates protein C (APC)

Question 51

Describe the reason that the Factor V Leiden mutation leads to a hypercoagulable state.

Answer 51

Leiden mutation = mutation in factor 5 | Prevents factor 5 from being inactivated by APC  hypercoagulable state

Question 52

List the components of the fibrinolytic system.

Answer 52

plasminogen tPA plasmin

Question 53

plasminogen

Answer 53

activated by tPA to make plasmin

Question 54

plasmin

Answer 54

breaks down clots