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Physiology Exam III > Review Material > Flashcards

Review Material Flashcards

1
Q

Hemicholinuims

A

block choline uptake

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2
Q

esamicol

A

blocks transport of VAT

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3
Q

botulinum toxin

A

blocks Ca++ calmodulin association with VAMP and SNAP

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4
Q

AchE inhibitors

A

inhibit AchE, make it so Ach can’t get hydrolyzed

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5
Q

RESERPINE

A

block catecholamine storage in VMAT

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6
Q

bretylium

A

inhibits VAMP

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7
Q

What are teh contractile proteins in skeletal muscle

A

actin
myosin
tropomyosin
troponin

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8
Q

What are the contractile proteins in smooth muscle

A

actin
myosin
tropomyosin

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9
Q

How does Ca++ participate in skeletal muscle

A

Ca++ binds to troponin C which exposes an active site on actin so myosin can bind. When you lose the Ca++, tropomyosin moves back, covers the active site again.

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10
Q

How does Ca++ participate in smooth msucle

A

Starts with an increase in intracellular Ca++. Calcium binds to calmodlun. Calmodulin-Ca++ binds to and activates MLCK

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11
Q

Steps in contraction of smooth muslce

A
  • Increase in intracellular Ca++
  • Calcium binds to calmodulin
  • Calmodulin-Ca++ binds to and activates MLCK
  • MLCK phosphorylates mycoin and allows for activation of mycosin ATPase and thus binding of actin and myosin
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12
Q

Steps in relaxation of smooth muscle

A
  • Intracellular Ca++ conc decrease, preventing further MLCK activation
  • Dephosphorylation of myosin by myosin phosphatase
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13
Q

Which has end feet- smooth or skeletal muscle

A

skeletal

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14
Q

What are the neuronal regulators of smooth muscle contraction

A

Acetylocholine
NE
NO

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15
Q

How does depolarization happen in spike potentals of smooth muscle

A

movement of Ca++ and Na+ into the cell

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16
Q

How does depolarization happen in plateued action potentials of smooth muscle

A

prolonged and slow opening of Ca++ channels

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17
Q

Normal PR interval

A

0.12 - 0.2

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18
Q

Noraml QRS complex

A

0.06-0.12

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19
Q

RV interval is longer than normal

A

heart block

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20
Q

all very large and wide QRS complexes

A

BBB

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21
Q

What happes in phase 0 of SA AP

A

Ca++ enters the cell

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22
Q

What happens in phase 3 of SA AP

A

K+ exits the cell

23
Q

What happens in phase 4 of SA AP

A

Na+ enters the cell

24
Q

Example of postive chronotroph

A

NO
epinephrine
isoproterenol

25
Q

Affect of postive chronotroph

A

increase permeability of nodal cells to Na+ and Ca++

26
Q

How does postive chronotroph affect the slope of phase 4

A

increases

27
Q

Example of negative chronotroph

A

acetylcholine

28
Q

Affect of negative chronotroph

A

increases permeability of nodal cells to K+

lowers resting potential

29
Q

How does negative chronotroph affect slope of phase 4

A

lowers

30
Q

Albumin

A

responsible for colloid osmotic pressure

31
Q

Haptoglobin

A

helps in iron conservation

32
Q

Transferrin

A

transports iron throught the body

33
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process by which all blood cells are formed

34
Q

TPO

A

major growth factor, stimulates platelet production

35
Q

EPO

A

major growth factor, stimulates production of RBCs during progenitor stage

36
Q

Enzymes present in RBCs

A

lactate dehydrogenase

carbonic anyhdrase

37
Q

Function of lactate dehydrogenase

A

elevated levels with hemolysis

38
Q

Function of carbonic anhydrase

A

facilitates converstion of CO2 into carbonic acid

39
Q

How do shape of RBC affect function

A

increases surface to volume ratio. Easily deformable for passage through the body

40
Q

Hemoatocrit

A

percentage of entire blood sample that is occupied by RBCs

41
Q

MCV

A

mean cell volume

42
Q

MCHC

A

how much hemoglobin is found in the RBC

43
Q

RDW

A

degree of variability in size of RBC (measures uniformity

44
Q

erthropoesis

A

formation of RBC

45
Q

mechanism of erythropoietin production

A

erthyroid progenitors
erythroblasts
immature erythrocytes
mature RBCs

46
Q

What would cause an increase in reticulocytes in blood

A

recent increase in erythropoiesis, bone marrow tumor, hypoxia, hemolysis

47
Q

What would cause a decrease in reticulocytes in blood

A

dimishinging erythropoiesis

48
Q

What are the components of the antivoguation system

A 
vascular system
platelet system
coagulation system
anti-cogaulation system
fibrinolysis system
49
Q

How does heparin regulate thrombin and factor Xa degration

A

speeds up proteolysis with antithrombin, but has no affect on antcogulation on it’self

50
Q

Describe the mechanism by which the thrombin/thrombomodulin complex reduces coagulation.

A

Thrombin + thrombomodulin = converts thrombin into an anticoagulant enzyme
Thrombin/thrombomodulin complex = activates protein C (APC)

51
Q

Describe the reason that the Factor V Leiden mutation leads to a hypercoagulable state.

A

Leiden mutation = mutation in factor 5

Prevents factor 5 from being inactivated by APC  hypercoagulable state

52
Q

List the components of the fibrinolytic system.

A

plasminogen
tPA
plasmin

53
Q

plasminogen

A

activated by tPA to make plasmin

54
Q

plasmin

A

breaks down clots

Physiology Exam III (10 decks)

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