Control of breathing

Question 1

What is spontaneous respiration produced by

Answer 1

rhythmic discharge of motor neurons that innervate the respiratory muscles

Question 2

chemical control

Answer 2

changes in metabolic demand of body activate peripheral chemorecetpros which send signals to respiratory center via nerves IX and X,

Question 3

Where is the automatic system located

Answer 3

pons and medulla

Question 4

what does the automatic system do

Answer 4

sends impulses to respiratory motor neurons via the white matter of the spinal cord

Question 5

Where is the voluntary control system

Answer 5

cerebal cortex

Question 6

what does the voluntary control system do

Answer 6

sends impulses to respiratory motor neurons located in spinal cord via cortico-spinal tracts

Question 7

What is the major controller of respiration

Answer 7

PCO2

Question 8

What is different about peripheral and central affects of CO2

Answer 8

stimulation by way of peripheral chemoreceptors occurs 5 times as rapidly as central stimulation

Question 9

What affect does decreased pH have

Answer 9

stimulates chemorecetpros

Question 10

does changes in arterial H+ act directly on central chemorecptos

Answer 10

NOPE

Question 11

low arterial PO2 via the peripheral chemorecptor system incraeses alveolar ventilation _________

Answer 11

independently of PCO2

Question 12

what is a chemosensitive area

Answer 12

highly sensitive to changes in either blood PCO2 or hydrogen ion conc.

Question 13

Function of peripheral chemorecetpros

Answer 13

important for detecting changes in blood O2

respond to a lesser extend to changes in CO2 and H+

Question 14

examples of peripheral chemorecetpors

Answer 14

carotid body

aortic body

Question 15

What is the chemosesntive area high senstive to

Answer 15

change in PCO2 or H+

Question 16

What is the sensory integratino site

Answer 16

nucleus of tractus solitary

Question 17

What is the pre-botzinger complex

Answer 17

located on either side of medulla between nucleus ambiguus and lateral reticular nucleus
contains synaptically coupled neurons
produces rhythmic discharges

Question 18

What is the dorsal respiratory group

Answer 18

located in dorsal portion of medulla
sends out repetitive burst of inspiratory neuronal AP
main role in controlling inspiration

Question 19

What is the pneumotaxic center

Answer 19

located dorsally in nucleus parabrachialis of upper pons
transmits signals to inspiratory area
control the switch off point of inspiratory ramp
controls rate and depth of breathing

Question 20

What is the ventral respiratory group

Answer 20

located in ventro-lateral part of medulla

totally inactive during normal quiet respiration

Question 21

What happens when respiratory drive for increased ventilation becomes greater than normal

Answer 21

signals spill over to the VRG

Question 22

where are Irrtiant receptors located

Answer 22

epithelium trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 23

What do irrtiant receptors cause

Answer 23

coughing, sneezing, bronchial constriction in asthma and emphysema

Question 24

What are J receptors

Answer 24

sensory nerve ending in alveolar walls in juxtaposition to pulmonary capillaries

Question 25

when are j receptors stimulated

Answer 25

when pulmonary capillaries become engorged with blood or when pulmonary edema occurs

Question 26

Wha do j receptors cause

Answer 26

feels of dyspnea

Question 27

How does brain edema affect respiration

Answer 27

activity of respiratory center may be depressed or inactivated

Question 28

Where are stretch receptors located

Answer 28

in muscular portions of bronchi and bronchioles

Question 29

What do stretch receptors do

Answer 29

transmit signals through the vagi into DRG when lungs are overstretched
increases rate of respiration

Question 30

Hering Breuer inflation reflex

Answer 30

not activated until Vt increases > 3 times normal

prevents excess lung inflation

Question 31

Kussmaul’s breathing

Answer 31

relentless, rapid, deep breathing

Question 32

When would you find Kussmaul’s breathing

Answer 32

metabolic acidosis

Question 33

What is cheyn-stokes breathing

Answer 33

ventilatory oscillations with long cyclte times

Question 34

when would you find cheyne-stokes breathign

Answer 34

stroke
encephalopathy
heart failure

Question 35

what is biot’s breathing

Answer 35

groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea,

Question 36

when would you find biot’s breathing

Answer 36

medullary trauma, stroke