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Pediatric PT > Review: Child Development > Flashcards

Review: Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the developmental sequence

A
  • physiologic flexion
  • prone/POE
  • head control
  • rolling
  • crawling (commando crawling first)
  • sitting
  • kneeling/0.5 kneeling
  • standing/walking
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2
Q

Developmental stages

A
  • premature
  • neonate: 0-4 weeks
  • infant
  • toddler
  • child
  • adolescent
  • young adult
  • adult
  • throughtout the lifespean
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3
Q

Describe motor development and what can mold it?

A
  • growth and development of preterm infants follows variable motor paths
  • motor development is molded by complex psycho social-cultural factors in the biological background of preterm infants
  • fetus newborn and young infant have general movements: movements with great complexity and variation in which all body parts are involved

quality of life in the womb can make you more susceptible to conditions

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4
Q

Developmental theories

Reflex theory

A
  • the basis of movement is the summation of reflexes
  • all movements are responding to the environment
  • sensory information causes movement
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5
Q

What are some uses of reflex theory

A
  • testing reflexes in adults and developmental or primitive reflexes in children
  • PNF proprioceptive neuromuslcar facilitation is based of reflexes
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6
Q

Hierarchial theory

A
  • Top down model
  • higher levels of CNS control the lower levels
  • CNS controls peripheral movements
  • Brain controls the SC which controls the PNS
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7
Q

Uses of Hierarchial theory

A
  1. stages of motor control
    - mobility
    - stability
    - dynamic postural control
    - skill
  2. Developmental sequence occurs prone to standing
  3. development occurs
    - cephalo to caudal
    - proximal to distal
    - gross to fine control
    - total body movements (one unity) to dissociated movements (EX: upper body and lower body can move independently)
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8
Q

Motor Program theory

A
  • we have genetically-based internal programs for movement
  • central pattern generators: internal systems that allow for movements such as walking (these are automatic and are not taught)
  • learning patterns that transfer to many conditions
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9
Q

Dynamic systems theory

A
  • motor control is the result of the interdependence (dependence of 2 or more things) of many internal and external systems
  • motor behavior is the result of interaction between the individual, environment, and task
  • EX: you will move differently when you are walking due to being late
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10
Q

Dynamic systems uses

A
  • interaction between visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive systems for balance/movement
  • changes in gait or movement with injury or illness
  • task-oriented approach of rehab
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11
Q

Perceptive-action theory and ecological theory

A
  • in order to move there is a goal such as hunger
  • internal or external goal or stimulant
  • there is an internal model which links perception and action
  • how we move depends on the environment
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12
Q

Neural Maturation theory

A
  • development
  • pre-determined hierarchical system/pre-determined way to move
  • control of reflexes leads to more refined movement
  • spiral development: flexion/extension and symmetry/asymmetry
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13
Q

Cognitive behaviorism theory

A
  • environment shapes motor and cognitive development
  • stimulation from environment is necessary for development to occur
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14
Q

Neuronal group selection

A
  • functional circuits of neuronal activities
  • practice strengthens some connections and weakens others
  • parallel and reciprocal connections unique to each individual
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15
Q

Embodied mind concept

A
  • link between what we know and what our bodies can do
  • action and perception are needed for brain development
  • functional tasks are completed by selecting from available neuronal options
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16
Q

Systems Theory

A
  • body is a system with multiple degrees of freedom
  • hierarchical control of muscle synergies
  • muscles work together for movements
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17
Q

Uncontrolled manifold hypothesis

A
  • Use synergies to define a coordination pattern
  • in any synergy there are multiple possibilities which will all result in some degree of accuracy
  • practice helps to select the best combination of movements
  • EX: how much each muscle will contract can affect the movement
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18
Q

Children with neurological damage will have

A
  • a commond denominator of prolonged neonatal reflexes
  • repetition of these reflexes seems to eventually inhibit them.
  • parents can work with the infant by assisting with the repetition of persistance reflexes
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19
Q

What happens if the reflex is absent or abnormal in infants

A
  • the may suggest significant neurological problems and is a symptom not a disorder
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20
Q

Where are the primitive reflexes controlled

A
  • the brainstem
  • lower level control
21
Q

Primary reflex system vs secondary system

A

normal development

  • the primary reflex system is inhibited or transformed in the 1st year of life and a secondary or postural reflex system emerges
  • the secondary system forms the basis for later adult coordinated movement
22
Q

What are potential factors that can cause retained primitive reflexes

A
  • trauma during pregnancy, during and or after birth
  • exposure to toxins, drugs, toacco in utero
  • stroke in utero or infants
  • caesarean section delivery
  • premature birth
  • prolonged jaundice
  • problems with feeding within the first 6 months of life
  • developmental motor delays
  • minimal floor time as an infant
23
Q

Signs of retained primitive reflexes

see these = test reflexes

A
  • w-sit: key sign for hypotonia/retained primitive reflexes
  • bedwetting after age 5
  • sensory overload
  • visual tracking issues: sign = ball coming toard them and they cannot get the ball
  • poor attention and focus
  • trouble with emotional regulation
24
Q

What are the symptoms of retained primitive reflexes

A
  • anxiety
  • motion sickness
  • clumsy
  • poor hand-eye coordination
  • poor right/left discriminiation after the age of 8
  • challenges with reading at age level
  • poor handwriting at age level
  • low muscle tone
  • diagnosis of autism
  • early diagnosis of ADHD
  • decreased coordination with sporting activites
  • challenges ith sequencing
  • w-sitting and toe walking
  • challenges sitting still
  • bedwetting past age 7
  • poor short-term memory
  • hypersensitivity to sound, touch, movement
  • speech and articulation challenges
  • picky eating and/or oral motor challenges
  • challenges with fine motor tasks at age level
25
Q

Moro reflex

Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:

A
  • Purpose: fight or flight reaction, sympathetic NS response
  • age appears: birth
  • age integrates: 2-4 months
26
Q

Moro reflex

signs of retention

A
  • hypersensitivity to one or more sensory systems
  • vestibular deficits (motion sickness, poor coordination and balance)
  • oculomotor and visual-perceptual problems
  • poor pupillary reactions to light
  • hypersensitivity to auditory input
  • allergies and lowered immunity
  • adverse drug reactions
  • poor stamina
  • poor adaptability
  • reactive hypoglycemia
  • poor impulse control
27
Q

Rooting reflex

Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:

A
  • Purpose: Autonomic response to locate food and breast
  • age appears: birth
  • age integrates: 3-4 months
28
Q

Rooting reflex

Sign of retention

A
  • anterior tongue tie
  • thumb sucking
  • oral hypersensitivty
  • poor eating
  • speech and articulation problems
  • swallowing and chewing deficits
29
Q

Palmar grasp reflex

Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:

A
  • Purpose: Autonomic flexion of the fingers to grab when the palm is stimulated
  • age appears: birth
  • age integrates:3-6 months
30
Q

Palmar grasp reflex

Signs of retention

A
  • poor manual dexterity
  • deficits with pencil grip
  • poor visual coordination
  • poor posture during hand writting
  • poor writing skills
  • correlated speech and hand movements
  • dysfunction of the tactile and proprioceptive sensory systems
31
Q

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex

Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:

A
  • Purpose: Assists with movement through the birth canal at delivery and its important for cross pattern movements
  • age appears: birth
  • age integrates: 6 months
32
Q

ATNR

Signs of retention

A
  • decreased hand eye coordination
  • poor handwritting
  • uncoordinated gait
  • poor balance
  • poor visual motor skills and tracking
  • problems with math and reading
  • difficulty crossing midline
33
Q

Spinal Galant reflex

Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:

A
  • Purpose: important during the birthing process and helps to facilitate movement of the hips during descending the birthing canal
  • age appears: birth
  • age integrates: 3-9 months
34
Q

Spinal galant reflex

Signs of retention

A
  • postural issues like scoliosis
  • misaligned or rotated pelvis
  • pain in lower back
  • bedwetting after potty training
  • hyperactivity
  • attention and concentration issues
  • decreased endurance
  • chronic digestive issues
  • decreased lower body coordination
  • pain and tension in legs
35
Q

Tonic labyrinthine reflex

Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:

A
  • Purpose: foundational for postual stability for large muscle groups
  • age appears: in utero
  • age integrates: 3.5 years
36
Q

Tonic labyrinthine reflex

signs of retention

A
  • decreased balance
  • poor spatial awareness
  • toe walking
  • hypermobility of joints
  • weak muscles
  • poor posture
  • motion sickness
  • poor ability to climb
  • atypical head position (forward or to the side)
37
Q

Landau reflex

Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:

A
  • Purpose: necessary for postural development a normal reflex in infants that involves raising their head and arching their back when held horizontally in the air
  • age appears: 4-5 months
  • age integrates: 1 year
38
Q

landau reflex

signs of retention

A
  • poor posture and muscle tone
  • summersaults are challenging
  • poor coordination for activities that require upper body and lower body to move together
  • delayed motor development
39
Q

Symmetric tonic neck reflex

Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:

A
  • Purpose: foundational for crawling
  • age appears: 6-9 months
  • age integrates: 9-11 months
40
Q

Symmetric tonic neck reflex

signs of retention

A
  • poor posture in standing
  • poor seated posture
  • ape-like walk
  • low muscle tone
  • w-sitting common
  • sloppy/messy eater
  • poor hand-eye coordination
41
Q

What is moro reflex

A
  • Hypersensitivity/hyperreactivity
  • poor balance and coordination
  • poor impulse control
  • Stimulus bound effect – cannot ignore peripheral stimuli to focus attenion on one thing
  • sesnory overload
  • anxiety – particularly anticipation anxiety
  • labile emotions
  • emotion and social immaturity
  • car sickness
42
Q

Asymmetrical Tonic neck reflex

if the asymmetricl tonic neck reflex remains active in a child later than 6 months of age if can affect

A
  • hand-eye coordination – difficulties such as ability to control the arm and hand when writing
  • ability to cross the vertical midline
  • discrepancy between oral and written peformance
  • development of lateral eye movement such as visual tracking when necessary for reading and writing
  • control of automatic balance
  • bilateral integration – differentiated and integrated use of the two sides of the baby
  • continued cross laterality above eight years
43
Q

Tonic Labyrrinthine reflex 0-6 months

inhibition/if it persists

A
  • inhibition of the tonic labyrinthine reflex is a gradual process involving the maturation of other systems

if it persists

  • postural problems, hyper or hypo tonus
  • tendency to walk on toes
  • poor balance
  • motion sickness
  • orientation and spatial difficulties
  • oculo-motor probelsm – affecting reading
  • visual–perceptual problems: affecting reading and writing
  • dislike of Physical education
44
Q

Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

what happens if its present in older children

A
  • integration of upper and lower portions of the body, for exmaple when swimming
  • Affects bilateral movement
  • sitting posture – a tendency to slump when sitting at desk or table
  • poorly developed muscle tone
  • poor hand-eye coordination
  • ability to sit still and concentrate
45
Q

Spinal Galant reflex: if this reflex persists

A
  • Ability to sit still
  • attention
  • coordination
  • posture
  • sometimes associated with bedwetting
  • caan contribute to the development of scoliosis of the spine
46
Q

Head control

A
  • crucial skill which is the foundation for all later movement
  • able to lift her head at about a month old
  • hold it up when placed in a sitting position at around 4 months
  • should be strong and steady by 6 months
  • delayed head control could be linked to autism
47
Q

How to use Milestones

A
  • average time of skill
  • ranges not absolute ages
  • can vary 2-3 months in either direciton
  • when areas of development show 25-33% delay (when most children are given services)
  • quality of movements
  • does not measure intelligence (just tests their movement)
48
Q

Neuronal group selection theory

A
  • Complex continuous interaction between information from the genetic script and environment
  • early intervention should focus on the provision of variable sensorimotor experiences
  • interventions should be creating a familiar, playful setting with positive feedback
  • if the sensory system is impaired – motor system will be affected
49
Q

Development and theories

A
  • NGST and dynamic systems theory share the opinion that motor development
  • is a non linear process with phases of transition that is affected by many factors
  • acknowledge the impirtance of experience and the relevance of context

Pediatric PT (4 decks)

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