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INFO5096 - Managing and Budgeting Tech Projects > Review - Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Review - Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of Project Quality Management

A
  • Poor quality of IT products
  • People seem to accept systems being down occasionally or needing to reboot their PCs
  • Quality is very important in many IT projects
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2
Q

Project Quality

A

The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements

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3
Q

Conformance to Requirements

A

The project’s processes and products meet written specifications

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4
Q

Fitness for Use

A

A product can be used as it was intended

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5
Q

Project Quality Management

A

Ensures that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken

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6
Q

Planning Quality Management

A

Identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them

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7
Q

Performing Quality Assurance

A

Periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards

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8
Q

Performing Quality Control

A

Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards

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9
Q

Planning Quality

A

Implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions to bring about the desired outcome

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10
Q

How to Prevent Defects

A
  • Selecting proper materials
  • Training and indoctrinating people in quality
  • Planning a process that ensures the appropriate outcome
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11
Q

Functionality

A

The degree to which a system performs its intended function

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12
Q

Features

A

The system’s special characteristics that appeal to users

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13
Q

System Outputs

A

The screens and reports the system generates

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14
Q

Performance

A

Addresses how well a product or service performs the customer’s intended use

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15
Q

Reliability

A

The ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions

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16
Q

Maintainability

A

Addresses the ease of performing maintenance on a product

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17
Q

Who’s responsible for the Quality of Projects?

A

Project managers

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18
Q

Quality Assurance

A
  • Includes all the activities related to satisfying the relevant quality standards for a project
  • Continuous quality improvement
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19
Q

Lean

A

Involves evaluating processes to maximize customer value while minimizing waste

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20
Q

Benchmarking

A

Generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization

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21
Q

Quality Audit

A

A structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects

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22
Q

Main Outputs of Quality Control

A
  • Acceptance decisions
  • Rework
  • Process adjustments
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23
Q

Seven Basic Tools of Quality

A
  • Cause-and-Effect Diagrams
  • Quality Control Charts
  • Checksheet
  • Scatter Diagram
  • Histograms
  • Flowcharts
  • Run Chart
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24
Q

Cause-and-Effect Diagrams

A
  • Trace complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations
  • Helps find the root cause of a problem
  • aka fishbone or Ishikawa diagrams
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25
Q

Quality Control Charts

A
  • A graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time used to prevent defects
  • Allow you to determine whether a process is in control or out of control
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26
Q

Seven Run Rule

A

If seven data points in a row are all below the mean, above the mean, or are all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for non-random problems

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27
Q

Checksheet

A
  • Used to collect and analyze data
  • Sometimes called a tally sheet or checklist
  • Useful in improving the process for handling complaints
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28
Q

Scatter Diagram

A
  • Helps to show if there is a relationship between two variables
  • The closer points are to a diagonal line, the more closely the two variables are related
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29
Q

Histogram

A
  • A bar graph of a distribution of variables

* Each bar represents an attribute or characteristic of a problem or situation and the height represents frequency

30
Q

Pareto Chart

A

A histogram that can help identify and prioritize problem areas

31
Q

Pareto Analysis

A

aka the 80-20 rule, 80% of problems are often due to 20% of the causes

32
Q

Flowcharts

A
  • Graphic displays of the logic flow of processes that help you analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved
  • Show activities, destination points, and the order of how information is processed
33
Q

Run Charts

A
  • Also used for stratification
  • Displays the history and pattern of variation of a process over time
  • Can be used to perform trend analysis and forecast future outcomes based on historical results
34
Q

Stratification

A

A technique that shows data from a variety of sources to see if a pattern emerges

35
Q

Statistical Sampling

A
  • Involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection
  • Size of a sample depends on how representative you want the sample to be
36
Q

Sample Size Formula

A

Sample size = .25*(certainty factor/acceptable error)^2

37
Q

Six Sigma

A

A comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success

38
Q

Six Sigma Target for Perfection

A

No more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities

39
Q

DMAIC

A

A systematic, closed-loop process for continued improvement that is scientific and fact based

40
Q

What does DMAIC stand for?

A

Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control

41
Q

Sigma

A

Standard deviation

42
Q

Standard Deviation

A
  • measures how much variation exists in a distribution of data
  • is a key factor in determining the acceptable number of defective units found in a population
43
Q

Yield

A

Represents the number of units handled correctly through the process steps

44
Q

Defect

A

Any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements

45
Q

Six 9s of Quality

A
  • A measure of quality control = 1 fault in 1 million opportunities
  • 99.9999% availability or 30s of downtime/year (telecom)
46
Q

Types of Tests

A

Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, user acceptance testing

47
Q

Unit Testing

A

Tests each individual component to ensure it is as defect-free as possible

48
Q

Integration Testing

A

Occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components

49
Q

System Testing

A

Tests the entire system as one entity

50
Q

User Acceptance Testing

A

An independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system

51
Q

Software Defect

A

Anything that must be changed before delivery of the program

52
Q

Deming

A

Rebuilding Japan and his 14 Points for Management

53
Q

Juran

A

Quality Control Handbook and 10 steps to quality improvement

54
Q

Crosby

A

Quality is Free and suggested that organizations strive for zero defects

55
Q

Ishikawa

A

Concepts of quality circles and fishbone diagrams

56
Q

Taguchi

A

Methods for optimizing the process of engineering experimentation

57
Q

Feigenbaum

A

Concept of total quality control

58
Q

ISO 9000

A

A quality system standard that is a three part continuous cycle that provides minimum requirements needed for an organization to meet quality certification standards and helps organizations reduce costs and improve customer satisfaction

59
Q

Suggestions for Improving Quality for IT Projects

A
  • Establish leadership that promotes quality
  • Understand the cost of quality
  • Focus on organizational influences and workplace factors that affect quality
  • Follow maturity models
60
Q

Cost of Quality

A

The cost of conformance plus the cost of nonconformance

61
Q

Conformance

A

Delivering products that meet requirements and fitness for use

62
Q

Cost of Nonconformance

A

Taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations

63
Q

Prevention Cost

A

Cost of planning and executing a project so it is error-free or within an acceptable error range

64
Q

Appraisal Cost

A

Cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure quality

65
Q

Internal Failure Cost

A

Cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product

66
Q

External Failure Cost

A

Cost that relates to all errors not detected and corrected before delivery to the customer

67
Q

Measurement and Test Equipment Costs

A

Capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities

68
Q

Maturity Models

A

Frameworks for helping organizations improve their processes and systems

69
Q

Software Quality Function Deployment Model

A

Focuses on defining user requirements and planning software projects

70
Q

Capability Maturity Model Integration

A

A process improvement approach that provides organizations with the essential elements of effective processes

71
Q

CMMI Levels (lowest to highest)

A 
Incomplete
Performed
Managed
Defined
Quantitatively Managed
Optimizing
72
Q

OPM3

A

Organizational Project Management Maturity Model that addresses standards for excellence in project, program, and portfolio management best practices and explains the capabilities necessary to achieve those best practices

INFO5096 - Managing and Budgeting Tech Projects (8 decks)

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