Review Flashcards
What determines what different tissues get different hormones from cholesterol
enzymes
What is the difference between steroid and protein hormone storage
Steroid-not stored
What is tyrosine
Hormone that gives rise to T3/4 and catecholamines and dopamine
Where do steroid receptors function
in the nucleus/in the cell
where are protein hormone receptors
on the surface
2nd messenger system
What does TRH do
increase TSH increase thyroid
what does CRH do
increase ACTH
increase adrenal cortex hormones
What does GnRH do
increase FSH/LH
increase ovary/testies hormones
What does the hypothalamus do
Produce hormones that travel to the pituitary
What are the two hormones released from neurohypophisis
ADH and oxytocin
what makes ADH and oxytocin unique
made in one place, secreted in another
conserved among species
What does prolactin do
drive milk production from alveolar cells
what does oxytocin do
milk let down
What are glycoprotein hormones
FSH, LH, TSH
What’s the difference between the a and b subunit in glycoproteins
A is common
B is specific
What happens when there is deficiency in GH
pituitary dwarfism
Is GH deficiency/excess different depending on when the deficiency/excess occurs
yes
What is IGF-1
mediator for effects of growth hormone
What are the two major organs responsible for handling stress
Adrenal medulla/cortex
Why is epinephrine the major catecholamine
there is more of it than norepinephrine
how is thyroid hormone secretion regulated
Negative feedback between T3/4 from the thyroid on TRH from hypothalamus and TSH from anterior pituitary
What are major effects of thyroid hormone
increase major overall metabolic rate
Growth in young animals
Development and maturation of the CNS
Primary hypothyroidism
Thyroid produces less T4
95% fo cases in dogs
Secondary Hypothyroidism
abnormality at pituitary level
Tertiary hypothyroidism
abnormality at hypothalamus
Cretinisim
developmental hypothyroidism
Where is hyperthyroidism most common
older cats
What are treatments of hyperthyroidism
Surgical removal
anti-thyroid drugs (methimizole)
Radioiodine
What are the two major types of diabetes
insulin dependent
insulin independent
Which type of diabetes is more common in dogs and how do you treat all dogs with diabetes
IDDM
Insulin
What disease is one of the few that you see in young dogs
hypothyroidism
What are some characteristics of diabetes in the cat
treatments vary (insulin or drugs)
NIDDM and IDDM
1/3 of cats are NIDDM
Is the adrenal cortex and medulla regulated the same way
no
What is the renal control of the outer zone (zona glomerulosa)
Renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system
What is the control system of the inner zone of the adrenal gland (zona fasiculata/recticularis)
ACTH/Cortisol
How are glucocorticoids produced
CRH from hypothalamus
ACTH form pituitary
Glucocorticoids from adrenals
Glucocorticoid has negative feed back on CRH and ACTH
What animals produce only cortisol
Cats, primates, livestock, other mammals
What animal uses both cortisol and corticosterone
dogs
what animals only make corticosterone
birds, rats, mice, penguins
Characteristics of hyperadrenocorticism
Cushing
common in dogs
spontaneous and iatrogenic
What causes spontaneous cushings
excessive ACTH production (PDH)
most common cause
How do you diagnose Cushing
Clinical symptoms
Elevated cortisol
ACTH challenge
low dose DEX test
What happens if you give a high dose of DEX
PDH suppressed
Tumor not suppressed
What are levels of ACTH with primary and secondary Cushings
Primary=high
secondary=low
What does PTH do
increase serum Ca levels
Primary hyperparathyroidism
High PTH
High Ca
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
high PTH
deceased CA levels
Hypervitaminosis D
Suppressed PTH
High Ca
Hypercalcemia of malignancy
same as hypervitaminoisis D
What do Wolffian ducts develop into
Male repro
What does Mullerian Duct develop into
female repro
What does GnRH stimulate
LH FSH
What do GnRH, FSH, and LH have in common with release
pulsatile
What does LH do
stimulates leyding cells
What do thecal cells and granulosa cells work together to produce
Estridiol
what are animals that are induced ovulators
cats rabbits
What are steroid hormones derived from
cholesterol
What could happen when iatrogenic hyperchorticoid treatment is abruptly stopped
Iatrogenic hypochorticoid
Where is somatistatin and what is it
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Hypothalamus
What does LH act on in the female
Theca cells
What is produced in adrenal medula
Epinephrine
What are the 2 main questions of endocrine
What happens if you take a hormone away
What happens if you add extra of a hormone
How many steroids are made in Hypothalmus
none
What does a steroid have to bind to in the nucleus
steroid receptor
