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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sex linked trait

A

when a trait happens more likely in males than females because they have less x chromosones

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2
Q

homogametic sex vs heterogamic sex

A

homo only produces one type of gamete

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3
Q

microfilmanets are made of

A

actin

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4
Q

latent phase

A

inactive form; no viral particles can be detected

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5
Q

telephase

A

nuclearu envole forms

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6
Q

lysosome

A

breaks down stuff

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7
Q

the mitotic spindle originates from the

A

centrioles

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8
Q

hfr cells

A

donor that can transfer genes on the bacterial chromosome to a recepient

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9
Q

what function group is a component of the hydrophilic sruface

A

phospahte

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10
Q

chrormoes that appear from all over the world are an enxample of

A

gene flow

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11
Q

plants are green because they haave molecules that ___ green light

A

reflect

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12
Q

m phase promoting factor

A

initationes mitos and orchestrates some of the key events

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13
Q

karyotype is preapred by arresting cells during the _____ phase of ____

A

metaphase, mitosis

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14
Q

eveloped viruss

A

covered by a surface membrane derived from the plasm membrane of their hosts

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15
Q

what is translation

A

the process that uses infromation from rna to make a peptide

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16
Q

phophataose

A

removes a phosphate group from a protein

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17
Q

poly a polymerase

A

enzye that adds chain of a nulceotides to the 3’ end of pre-mrna

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18
Q

reinforcement

A

natural selection favoriting indivudas that mate only with members of their own population

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19
Q

physiology

A

responses of organs to chagne in evnerionetn

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20
Q

which organisms dont depend on mitocondria

A

bactera

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21
Q

golgi apparatus

A

receives products of er, sends products to secretry vesicels

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22
Q

nucleic acids

A

phosphodiester bonds

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23
Q

neutral variation hypothesis

A

some of the geneitc variaton at loci coding for eznyems and other proteins is selectively netural

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24
Q

tissues, nervous and endocrine cells

A

secretory, ductless

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25
Q

peroxisomses

A

fatty acid oxidation

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26
Q

what do the lgiht reactions make

A

atp and nadph

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27
Q

what does rapid ferizliation signifyc?

A

ca2+ release

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28
Q

prometaphase

A

microtubules attach to chomosones

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29
Q

drawins quqnitn leap said

A

descent with modificaion

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30
Q

the mitotic spindle is conmposed of ____

A

microtubules

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31
Q

multipotent

A

can give rise to cells with particular functions

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32
Q

cohesion

A

high resistance of water maolecules to separted provided by hydogen bonding lattice

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33
Q

sex/f pilus

A

long tubular structure on the cell surface that allows an f+ cell to attach a f- recepient

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34
Q

blastomeres

A

cells craeted from cleavage

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35
Q

glands

A

cell or group of cells that produces and releases substances nearby

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36
Q

prezygotic isolation mechanicsm

A

live in diff habitits, mate at diff times, signals used by or on species are not regocnized by another, differences in reproducive organs, incompability between sperm of two speices

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37
Q

cartenoids

A

yellow orange pigments that absorb light

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38
Q

lytic cycle

A

host cell is kille din each cycle of infection

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39
Q

photoautoprosp

A

autotrophs that perform photsynethes

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40
Q

bonds in carbs

A

glycosidc

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41
Q

ahedsion

A

molecules stick to walls of tubes by forming hydrogen bods

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42
Q

systematic homeostatic controls

A

initaitied outsdie an organ or organ system

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43
Q

during gastrolation

A

3 main tissues layers form

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44
Q

degeneracy

A

multiple codons for the same amino acids

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45
Q

what does er do

A

starting site for protein synthesis, quality control, vesicles bud off and carry cargo to golgi, ca2+ storage

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46
Q

ligand gated ion channels

A

open or close in response of binding a ligand; transmembere channel, intracellular electrical signal, ,

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47
Q

transcription vs translation

A

transcription is when the informanced encoded in dna is made into a complementaryrna copy and translation if the use of inform in rna to make a polypeptide

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48
Q

endocrine glands

A

suspended in connective tissue underlying the epithelium with no ducts

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49
Q

acidic amino acid has?

A

oxygens

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50
Q

epithelial tissue

A

sheet like layers of cells that are usually connected by tight junctions with little ecm material between them

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51
Q

nonpolar amino acids have

A

-ch2, ch3

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52
Q

chromosome theory of inherticane

A

genes and their alleles are carried on the chromosomes

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53
Q

splicesome

A

location where splicing takes place

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54
Q

polygenic inheritanve

A

one characteristic is the controleed by 2 or more genes

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55
Q

polar amino acids have

A

oxygens

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56
Q

differetianl fate of the first two cells is due to

A

materinal factors

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57
Q

operator

A

short segment to which a regulartory protein binds

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58
Q

nuclues

A

contians dna packaged as chromatin, site of rna and dna synthesis, site of ribosome assembly, nucleur envoleope double bilipid layer

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59
Q

electron trasnport chain

A

34 atp

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60
Q

replica plating

A

bacterial colonies grown on a plate with a complete medium

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61
Q

which receptor is associated with growh factor

A

tyrosine kinase

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62
Q

founder effect

A

change in allele frequences because small group goes to new area and only their alleles are passed on

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63
Q

epiletical tissues are descibed as

A

stratifed

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64
Q

topiomerase

A

regulates the unwinding

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65
Q

cell layers of embryo

A

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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66
Q

trsction factors bind to dna at

A

promoters and enchangers

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67
Q

what does glycolysis yield

A

2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 molecules of atp , 1 water, 2 nadh + 2 electrons

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68
Q

photorespiraton

A

process from oxygenase reaction of rubisco to the release of co2

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69
Q

what is polarity (in a yolk egg)

A

unequal distribution

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70
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

phosphate, glycerol, fatty acid..r group?

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71
Q

new mutuations in allele frequesnces are often recognzed as

A

dominant dieseases

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72
Q

ribosome proteins are syntheises in

A

the free ribosomes in the cytosol

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73
Q

agarose gel electrophoresis

A

separates dna, rna, and protein molecules based off size

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74
Q

sex influenced trait

A

when only males get a disesae even though females have the same genotype

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75
Q

things that make proteins unfold

A

high temp, change in ph , high salt

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76
Q

dna pakagin is promoted by ____ proteins that packages dna into ____

A

hitone, nucleosomes

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77
Q

small changes ina llel freq

A

microevolution

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78
Q

glycosidic bonds

A

bond between the number 1 an dnumber 4 arbon on a glucose unit; links monosaccarides

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79
Q

glycerol

A

sugar acohol, carb

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80
Q

conformers

A

internal environments that match the external environment

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81
Q

exocrine glands

A

remain connected to the epithelium by a duct which empies at the epithelial surface

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82
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

alleles of genes that govern different characerists are assorted independently

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83
Q

heterozygous advantage

A

heterozygtes for a particular locus have higher relative fitness thaneither homozygote

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84
Q

poly a tail

A

added at the end of rna transcription, protects from degradataion

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85
Q

reactants of cell resp

A

oxygena nd glucose

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86
Q

acetylinat and methylatino of histones account for

A

epigentic expression of genes from mother or father

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87
Q

phylogenic speices conecpt

A

the concept of a species as an irredcibel group whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all posses a combination of certain defining, or derived traits

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88
Q

frequencey depndt selection

A

rare phenotype will increase in frequencey because it has a higher relative fitness until it becomes so common it loses its advantage

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89
Q

lysons have _ ph and

A

low

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90
Q

induction

A

one group of cells causes another nearby group to follow a particular developmetn

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91
Q

ribosomes

A

ribonulceoprotein participes taht carry out protein synthesi by translating mrna into chains of amino acids
- read codon and attaches proper amino acids

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92
Q

____ directly or indirect amplify a signal received

A

second messagerss

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93
Q

chaperone proteins

A

asist folding

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94
Q

peroxisome

A

breakdown of long fatty acids through bet oxidation

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95
Q

bonds in lipids

A

fatty acyl, diglycerids

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96
Q

orthogenesis

A

progressive; goal oritented evolution

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97
Q

macroevolution

A

larger scale evolutionary changes observed in speces and more inclusive groups; gradual accumulation of microevolutionary traits

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98
Q

anchoring junction

A

proteins extend through membrane

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99
Q

atp is made of

A

phosphate groups, ribose, adenine

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100
Q

biological species concept

A

if two populations interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural condidiotns then they belong to the same speices

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101
Q

____lines the cell membrane

A

actin…microfilaments

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102
Q

a karyotype is most likely to show

A

the presence of polysomy

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103
Q

crossing over occurs during _____

A

meisosis 1

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104
Q

where is the electron transport chain in mitocondria?

A

inner membrance

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105
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of cell whcih determinds a speciic characteristic (phenotype) of that cell

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106
Q

kinase

A

adds a phosphate group

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107
Q

coactivator

A

large multiprotein complex that forms a bridge between the activators at the enchancer and the proteins at the promoter causeing dna tof form a loop

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108
Q

movement of sister chromatids occurs during

A

anaphase

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109
Q

fatty acid

A

-ch chain

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110
Q

genetic imprinting

A

certain genes are only expressed if they came from a certain parent. if a gene is imprinted , it is silenced

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111
Q

molecular phylogenics

A

using dna or amino acid sequence comparisons to determine evolutionary relationships among organmism

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112
Q

hormone

A

molecule produced by one tissue and transported via the bloodstream to a target tissue

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113
Q

startin with 2ng of dna, four cycles of pcr would yield __ of dna

A

32, 2^4

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114
Q

kinase

A

catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from high energy phosohate donating molecules

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115
Q

during transcription the ____ strand is the template for rna synthesis and is ____ to the nwly synthesiszed rna

A

antisense, completeatry

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116
Q

biological species concert can be identified based on their

A

abilyt to produce offsring

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117
Q

selective cell adhestions

A

cells make and break specific connections to other cells

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118
Q

nondisjunction

A

failure of homologues chromosonses to separete properly during cell divison

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119
Q

three sets that extract energy in the form of atp nadph and fadh2 are

A

glycolsis, pyriuviate, krebs cycle

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120
Q

helicase

A

unwinds the dna

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121
Q

things that make proteins misfold

A

mutation, absence of cofact, covalent modifcations

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122
Q

steroid hormone receptors

A

found in the nucleus,cytosol, and also the plasma membrane, they are generally intracellular and initatie signal transduction

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123
Q

kinks in the fatty acid chain arise from

A

cis saturated fatty acids

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124
Q

chemiosimoss

A

movment of ions across a membrane,down tehir electrochemical gradient; it relates to the gneration of atp by the movemnet of h+ ions across a membrane

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125
Q

sturctures near the head are

A

anterior

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126
Q

metaphase

A

alignment

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127
Q

basal surface

A

inner surface that adheres to a layer of ecm secreted by epithelial cells called the basal lamina

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128
Q

cell respiration steps

A

glycolys, pyruvate ox, citric acid, phosphorylation

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129
Q

capsid

A

dna or rna genome surrounded by protein coat

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130
Q

integrator

A

control center that receives inform from the sensor and compares it to a set point

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131
Q

transduction(virus)

A

dna is trnsfrered to recepient bacterial cells by an infecting phase

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132
Q

what is sem microscope

A

electrons bounce off surface..looks like x ray

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133
Q

isomerizaition

A

one molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same atoms

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134
Q

telomere

A

region of nucleotide sequences which protects the end of a chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes

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135
Q

where is the electron transport chain in chloroplasts?

A

thykaloid memrance

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136
Q

pleitrophy

A

when one gene influences two or more seeminly unrelated traits

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137
Q

oxalocaetate

A

molecule at the end and begining of the ctric acid cycle

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138
Q

specialized transduction

A

incorporate fragments of the bacterial genome as they make the transition from lysogenic cycel to the lytic cycel

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139
Q

polysomy

A

condition in which an organism has one more chromosome than normal

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140
Q

species can be distinguies by their

A

body structures

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141
Q

pluripotent

A

can give rise to most adult cells

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142
Q

comapritive genomics

A

comparison of entire genomes to understand evolutionary relationships and the basic biological similatrites and differences among species

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143
Q

alternative splicing

A

resutls in the production of different peptides

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144
Q

kinetechore

A

protein structure that forms on chromatid during cell division and allows it to attach to spindle fiber

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145
Q

f factor

A

plasmid in a donor bacterial cell that confers upon the cell the ability to conjugate with a recepient bacterial cell

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146
Q

parts of an amino acid

A

r group, carboxyl, amino group, hydrogen

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147
Q

lactate fermentation

A

convererts pyurave into lactacte

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148
Q

microevolution

A

small scale genetic changes that populations undergon; often responses to environmental circumstances

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149
Q

sporophytes

A

organisms where fertilizatoin produces the diploid generation

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150
Q

strict aerobics

A

require oxygen

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151
Q

what has a double lipid membrace

A

nucleus, mitocondria

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152
Q

alcoholic femrentaiton

A

pyruvate is coverted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

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153
Q

what is an important second messenger in the post ferilizatoion period

A

ca2+ ions

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154
Q

what biological molecules is the lipid bilayer primarly composed of

A

proteins and lipids

155
Q

what is denaturation

A

unfolded proteins

156
Q

what is cilia and flagella made of?

A

microtubules

157
Q

translation intitiaton begins with assocation of

A

mrna and small ribosomoanl unit

158
Q

codominance

A

both traits exist in daughter

159
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

movement of genetic mateiral between organism other than by descent

160
Q

gap junction

A

connect the cytoplasm of two cells

161
Q

g protein coupled receptors

A

7 transmembrane helices,

162
Q

complex virus

A

having a tail attached at one side of a polyhedral ehead

163
Q

dna polymeriaze iii

A

extends primer by adding dna nucleotides

164
Q

reverese transcriptase

A

generates complementary dna from an rna template

165
Q

start codon

A

aug

166
Q

diff between enchancer and promoter

A

distance from tata box

167
Q

a gene is

A

oen gene ecnodes at leaset one rna

168
Q

complete medium

A

same as minimum except has amino acids tand other chemicals that strains can nomrally make for themelves

169
Q

dna methylation

A

represses gene trascription

170
Q

microfilamments are used for

A

disambely, integryi to plasma membrance, cell crawling,a nd phagocytosis

171
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solute is less outsdie because all the water went inside the cell to dilute it

172
Q

what is the role of nadh

A

contributes electrons to the electron transport chain as it is oxidiezed

173
Q

qualitative variation

A

exist in two or more discrete states; intermediate forms are often absent

174
Q

what does the cirtric acid cycle yield

A

2 atp, 8 nadh with electrons, 2 fadh and 6 carbon dioxide

175
Q

acetylation

A

promosees loose chromaticn struction, permits trasncription

176
Q

cytokinessis is a result of contraction of which filmament or microtubule?

A

microfilaments

177
Q

quantitative trait

A

a character that displays a continuous distriution of the phenotype involved

178
Q

local homeostatic controls

A

initiatited outside of an organ or organ system to control that organ’s or organ systems actvity

179
Q

peptide bond are formed between what

A

amino acid and carboxyl group

180
Q

____ of chlorophyl aborb energy in the visible light range

A

conjugated double bond systems

181
Q

dihybrid cross

A

shows 2 diff traits

182
Q

rna polymerase binds at

A

promoter

183
Q

dna microaccarrays

A

tiny grid that contains thousands of pieces of dna to compare a sample

184
Q

what requires faciliated diffiused?

A

polar molecule like glucose

185
Q

dna microarrarys are used for

A

nucleotide sequencing ni dna

186
Q

conjugation

A

a copy of part of the dna of one cell that moves through the cytoplasmic bridge of the other cell

187
Q

stop codons

A

uaa, uag, uga

188
Q

functional genomics

A

study of the functions of genes and other parts of the genome

189
Q

motifs

A

highly specialiszed regions produced by 3d arrangement of amino acid chains

190
Q

where are barr bodies found

A

in female somatic cells only

191
Q

glycolysis

A

enzymes break a molecule of glucose into two pyruvate molecules

192
Q

corepressor

A

multiprotein complex simlar to coactivtors but inhibit transcription initaiton

193
Q

anabolism

A

construct moleduces from smaller unites, requesires atp

194
Q

three sides of polypetide forming

A

e, p , a sites

195
Q

mendels law of segregation

A

the two allelaes segregation from each other in the formation of gametes

196
Q

photosystem two

A

creates atp

197
Q

generalized trnasfudction

A

host dna may e included in the heads as the viral particles assemble providing the basis for trasduction of bacterial genes during th enext cycle of infection

198
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that make s all of their own organic molecules

199
Q

loose connective tissue

A

fomred of sparsely distributed cells surrounded by a more or less open network of cologne and other glycoprotein fibers

200
Q

glycerol

A

c-oh

201
Q

directoinal selection

A

shifts a trait away from the existing me and towared a favored extreme because they have a higher relative fitness

202
Q

mitocondrria

A

site of atp synthesis, double lipid bilayer, contains dna and ribosome, proteins enter by insertino though pores

203
Q

basic amino acid has

A

nitrogens

204
Q

where are photosystem i and ii

A

thykaloid membrane

205
Q

domains

A

large structural subdivisions folding of the amino acid chain

206
Q

cdks

A

family of protein kinases regulate the cell cycle, do mrna processing, and differentation of nerve cells

207
Q

phospholid maintins its fluidy due to

A

kinks caused by unsatured fatty acids

208
Q

how do light reactions hardness energy from the sun

A

molecules in the photosystesm absorb radiation and their elections are excited to higher energy levels

209
Q

where is the electron transfort hcain found in chloroplasts

A

thylakoid membrane

210
Q

tralsantin termination ofccurs whenthe

A

a site, release factor

211
Q

enchancer

A

region at a significatn distance from the beginning of a gene containeing regualry sequeces that determine where the gene is transcribed at its maximum possible rate

212
Q

chiasma

A

a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands

213
Q

aneuploid

A

abornmal number of chromosones

214
Q

promoter

A

region of dna that initatates the transcription of a gene

215
Q

enantiometers

A

mirror images of each other that cannot be superimposed on each other

216
Q

what is atp made of

A

nitrogenous base adenine, sugar, and 3 phophates

217
Q

anticodone of trna for the codon 5’ acg 3’?

A

3’ ugc 5’

218
Q

ligasse

A

joins dna together

219
Q

a is paired with

A

t

220
Q

dna polymerase i

A

removes the rna primer at the 5’ end by replacing the rna nulceotide one by one with dna nulceotides

221
Q

temperate bacteriophages

A

may enter an inactive phase in which the host cell replicates and passes on the bacteriphage dna for generatesoins before the phasge beomces active and kills the host

222
Q

agarose gell relies on

A

differenct charges and fidderent masse

223
Q

homoologus structures refer to

A

sturcutres of siilar form and psotion in apapretnly unlreated places

224
Q

balanced polymorphism

A

two or more phenotypes are maintinated in fairly stable proportions over many generations

225
Q

difference between endocytosis and phagocytosis

A

phagocytos engulfs larger items; endocytosis involves taking up fluid

226
Q

translation occurs when the _ site is occupied by a ____

A

a , release factor

227
Q

starch

A

a lot of glucoses

228
Q

what is tem microscope

A

shoots beams through tissue

229
Q

spores

A

haploid, genetically different reporocetiven cells

230
Q

fibronectin

A

aids in the attachment of cells to the ecm and helps hold the cells in position

231
Q

what is a primer made of?

A

rna

232
Q

what happens to oxygen in cellular respiration

A

it is converted to water

233
Q

general transcription factors

A

bind to the pomoter in the area of the tata box to initatioe transcription

234
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

protein structure that forms between homologoues chromosomes during meisosi and is thought to mediate chromosome pairing, recombination

235
Q

southern blot analysis

A

restriction enzyme used to break down dna and then electrophoresis segarates the fragments, ; transferred to filter paper and probe used to dientify particular sequence

236
Q

epistatis

A

one gene is dependent on another gene;epistatic mutations habe different effects in comination

237
Q

t even bacterophages

A

coat divided into a head and tail

238
Q

prioons

A

only knon infectious agents that do not include a nucleic acid

239
Q

g is paired with

A

c

240
Q

sympatric

A

cant breed

241
Q

homologous traits

A

characteristics that are similar in two speces because they inhertied the same genetic basis of the trait from the same ancestor

242
Q

set of allels at all generitic loic is known as

A

gene pool

243
Q

epigentc

A

change in phenotype without a change in genotype

244
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

combination of general transcription factors with rna polymerase ii

245
Q

microtubules made of?

A

tubulin

246
Q

antenna complex

A

light is abosred and turned into many chlorophyl pigmens and an umber of cartenoid pigments

247
Q

proteases

A

enzymes that catalyze peptide bonds

248
Q

stages of cell signaling

A

reception, transduction, response

249
Q

modern synthesis

A

unifed theory of evolution

250
Q

polyadenylation signal

A

sequence near 3’ that specifies where the transcription should be cleaved in the pre mrna transcript of a gene

251
Q

movemnt of sister chromatics to opposite poles of the cells occur during

A

anaphase

252
Q

promoter proximal region

A

adjacent to the promoter and contains regulary sequences called promoter proximal elements

253
Q

fluorensce

A

dye is introduced and absorbs energies at diff wavelengths

254
Q

elastin

A

rubbery protein that adds elesatics to the ecm

255
Q

polypelitdety

A

extra copies of compelte genomes

256
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

viral dna inserts into the host cell dna and production of new viral particles is delayed

257
Q

restriction endonuclears that product ____ are most using for clonign

A

sticky ends

258
Q

barr bodies

A

inactive chromosome in the feamle somatic cell

259
Q

quantitive variation

A

individuals differ in small incremental ways

260
Q

rubp carboxylaces (rubisco)

A

enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of c02 into an organic molecule

261
Q

what is the innermost space in a mitochondrial cell

A

matrix

262
Q

centromere

A

area of dna at the constriction of a chromosome

263
Q

determination

A

developmental fate of a cell is set

264
Q

phosphatase

A

removes a phosphate group from its substrate

265
Q

missense mutation

A

sense codon is changed toa different sense codon that specifies a different amino acid

266
Q

fermentation

A

electrons carried by nadph are transfrered to an organic acceptor molecure rather thanthe electon transfer system

267
Q

basic amino aicds have

A

nitrogens

268
Q

synaptomenta complex does?

A

allows crossing over to occcur

269
Q

what is a nucleotide made of?

A

sugar, phosphare, nigrogenous base

270
Q

when is the best phase for a karyotype

A

during metaphase of mitosis

271
Q

nonsense mutation

A

sense codon is changed to a stop codon

272
Q

regulators

A

maintain factors of internal environment in a relatively constant staet

273
Q

what happens in s phase

A

synthesis of dna

274
Q

loss carb diet makes people lose weight . why?

A

loss of glycgen from liver cells

275
Q

lac operaton

A

when lactos is present, repressor doesnt bind, dna transction occurs

276
Q

conditions that favor change are likely to include

A

natural selection

277
Q

open reading frames

A

start codon separated by a multiple of three nucleotides from one of the stop codons

278
Q

primase

A

involved in the replication of dna… catalyzes rna synthesis rna primers.. these primers serve as the starting point for dna synthesis

279
Q

catabolism

A

breaks down molectules

280
Q

enchancer

A

short region of dna that can be bound by activators to activate transcription of a gene

281
Q

produts of cell resp

A

water, carbon, atp

282
Q

if hydrogen loses atoms or gains them it can be called

A

proton or hydride

283
Q

secondary struction

A

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

284
Q

in cellular respir, the electron transport chain ____ as the final step in haranassing energy from biofuels

A

reduces oxygen

285
Q

bacteriophages

A

virus that infects bacteria

286
Q

allele

A

variant form of a gene, humans have two alleles at each genetic locus

287
Q

strict anaerobes

A

organisms that only use fermetnation to produce atp

288
Q

oxidtivative phosphorylation

A

using enzyme to oxidize nutries, which releases energy to reform atp, happens in cellular respiration

289
Q

kingdom fungi

A

unicelluar and mlticellar that mostly live as decomen=psoters, no photsytnes

290
Q

where does atp synthesis occur

A

mitorcondria

291
Q

repressor

A

when active, prevents the operator genes from being expressed

292
Q

proteome

A

complete set of proteins in a particular cell type under set condiciotns

293
Q

f+

A

donor cells in nojucation because they contain the f factor

294
Q

what processes occur in plant cell

A

respiration and phosotynehsys

295
Q

the wobbly hyptohess says

A

more than one codon can lead to the inocortin of one amino acid

296
Q

what is transported through a membrance t through a channel protein and proceeds down a conc gradient

A

water

297
Q

saturated enzyme

A

the rate of reaction is the max rate

298
Q

photosynthesis occurs in some plant cells, while cellular respiratioon occurs in all ___ cells

A

eukaryotic

299
Q

_____ allows ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another

A

gap junctions

300
Q

intermediate filaments made of?

A

keratin

301
Q

hardy weinberg principle

A 
no mutations
population is closed to migration
population is infinte
all genotypes survie and reproduce qually
indiviualls mate randomly
302
Q

incompletely dominance

A

white + red = pink

303
Q

disruptive selection

A

extreme phenotypes have higher relative fitness than intermediate phenotypes

304
Q

prophase

A

dna condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down

305
Q

tata box

A

dna sequeucnes that states where a sequence can be read and encoded; type of promoter sequence

306
Q

hydrogen bonding is not useful in

A

ester linkages in fats

307
Q

prophage

A

the integrated viral dna

308
Q

trna

A

decodes mrna onto a protein

309
Q

substrate level phosphyration

A

atp is formed by the direct transfer of p03 group to adp from a phosphoryatied reactive intermedaite

310
Q

symport

A

same direction

311
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

differences in size of appearsece of males and females

312
Q

postzygotic isolation mechancims

A

hybrid inviabilty- the organsms die early, hybrid serility- cannot reproduce, hybrid breakdown, future gnerations cannt reproduce

313
Q

morula

A

solid ball or layer of blstomers

314
Q

kington plante

A

multicellular organism tath carry out photsytnests

315
Q

smooth er

A

lipid manufcture, and metabolism and steroid an dhormone production

316
Q

anapahase

A

seaparte

317
Q

semiconsiervatinv model of nda says

A

oen strande is preserved in each daughter cell

318
Q

steroid

A

type of lipid derived from cholesterol

319
Q

morphological species concept

A

idea that all individuals of a species share measurable traits that distinguis them from dinidivuals of other species

320
Q

gc has _hydorgen bonds

A

3

321
Q

microrna

A

capable of blocking translation of another rna transcript

322
Q

sexual selection

A

males’ competition for access to females and by females’ choice of mates

323
Q

retrovirus

A

eveloped virus with an rna genome that replicates via a dna intermediate

324
Q

mitotic spindle originates from the

A

centrioles

325
Q

transcription factors

A

protein that binds to specific dna seuqences, controlling the rate of transcription

326
Q

hypermethylation of dna correcatins with regions of the genone that are

A

transpctipanlly inacctive

327
Q

paracrine signaling

A

signalign in earby cells

328
Q

when two loci are very close on a chromosone, there is a high probably that the allels will be ___

A

inhertied together

329
Q

pyruvative oxidation

A

pyruvate converted into two carbon acetyl groups

330
Q

what bond forms between monosasacrides

A

glycosidic

331
Q

dna marker

A

gene or dna sequence with a known location that can be used to identify individuals or speices

332
Q

key rate limited enzyme in glycoliss

A

phosphofructkinase

333
Q

transformaiotn(virus)

A

bacteria take up pieces of dna that are released as other cells disintegrate

334
Q

epithetlicial cells

A

filtration, absorption, transport

335
Q

the electron trnaspot cahin is responsible for ____

A

transport of protons across a membrance

336
Q

what structure gives carbs to proteins

A

golgi

337
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine

338
Q

tight junction

A

waterproof seal

339
Q

blastula

A

blosmeters encloe a fluid cavity called the blastocoel

340
Q

polymerase

A

synthesis long chains of nucleic acids

341
Q

ester

A

derived from carbohylix….theyre an alcohol

342
Q

photosystem one

A

creates nadph

343
Q

proteins

A

composed of amino acids

344
Q

provirus

A

inserted viral dna

345
Q

tyrosine kinase recepotrs

A

contains polypeptide tyrosine….kinase will transfer phosphate groups, gets energy from atp, can have more than 1 cellular resposne

346
Q

what comes out of centrioles

A

microtubulues

347
Q

the oxygen made in photosynthesis is obtained from

A

water

348
Q

extracellular fluid

A

meets need of organism based off outsdie environment

349
Q

autocrine signlaing

A

signaling in that same cell

350
Q

polymorphissm

A

existence of discrete varations of character

351
Q

mutase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the shift of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule

352
Q

what are the tissue layers formed at gastrulation?

A

octoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

353
Q

systematin study of the passage of alelle was made by these peole

A

hardy and weinberg

354
Q

master switch genes ecnode

A

transcritpino factosr

355
Q

antiport

A

diff directions

356
Q

developmental stages

A

zygote, blasticul, gastrula adult

357
Q

initaiton of dna begins at ___

A

tata boxes

358
Q

stabilitizng selection

A

when individuals expressing intermediate phenotypes have the highest relative fitnes

359
Q

organogenesis

A

developemnt of major organ systems

360
Q

frameshift mutation

A

single base pair delection or insertion that alters reading frame

361
Q

citric acid acid cycle

A

acetyl group is oxidezed into carbon dioxed

362
Q

where does translation occur

A

in ribosomes

363
Q

desmosome

A

achroign junction

364
Q

viroids

A

plant pathogens that consist soley of single stranded circular rna without a protein coat

365
Q

the wegedge shaped rea of a fertilzed egg is the

A

gray crescent

366
Q

lipid

A

hydrocarbon chain

367
Q

f-

A

recepient cells which lack the f factor

368
Q

citric acid cycle takes place in the ____

A

mitochondrial matrix

369
Q

effector

A

system that is activated by the integrator to bring the condition under control back to the set point

370
Q

totipotent

A

cell capable of produciving all types of cells of the adult

371
Q

centromere

A

part of the chromosome that links sister chomratids

372
Q

chlorophyls

A

green pigments that absorb light

373
Q

co2 fixation

A

electrons are added to co2

374
Q

virion

A

complete viral particle

375
Q

the elongation of transcription is done by

A

rna polymerase

376
Q

collagen

A

fibrous glyoprotein, rich in carb, embedded in a network of proteoglycans

377
Q

silent mutation

A

sense codon is changed but the new codon still specifies the same amino acid

378
Q

membrane proteins that mediate active and passive trasnport are geneally called ____ porteins

A

channel

379
Q

r plasmids

A

contains genes that provide resistance to unfavorable conditions

380
Q

cytokines

A

breaks aapart

381
Q

choloroplasts

A

similar to mitocondria

382
Q

a group of ribososm translationsing a single mrna is a

A

polyribosome

383
Q

peptidyl transerase

A

catalyzes the formation of the peptide bond between the c termindal end of a polypetide on the p side and the amino acid on the a site trna

Biology and Biotechnology (8 decks)

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