Chapter 1 Flashcards
cell
organized chemical system that includes many specialized molecules surrounded by a membrane
emergent properties
characteristics that depend on the level of organization of matter but no dot exist at lower levels of organization
unicellular organisms
single cells such as bacteria and protozoans
multicellular organisms
plants and animals (cells live in tightly coordinated groups and are interdependent)
population
group of organisms of the same kind that live together
community
all populations of different organisms that live in the same place
ecosystem
includes the community and the nonliving environmental factors with which it interacts
biosphere
encompasses all the ecosystems of the Earth’s waters, crust and atmosphere
deoxyribonucleic acid
most fundamental and important molecule that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving matter
ribonucleic acid
directs the synthesis of different protein molecules
proteins
carry out most of the activities of life, including the synthesis of all other biological molecules
metabolism
ability of a cell or organism to extract energy from its surrounding and use that energy to maintain itself, grow and reproduce
photosynthesis
when plants take electromagnetic energy in sunlight absorbed and convert it into chemical energy
cellular respiration
complex biological molecules are broken down with oxygen, releasing some of their energy content for cellular activities
primary producers
photosynthetic organisms
consumers
organisms that feed on the complex molecules manufactured by plants
decomposers
feed on dead organisms, breaking down complex biological molecules into simpler raw materials which may be recycled by producers
homeostasis
steady internal condition maintained by responses that compensate for changes in the external environment
reproduction
parents creating offspring
inheritance
passing DNA from one generation to the next
development
series of programmed changes encoded in DNA through which eggs develop into an adult that can reproduce
life cycle
stages in which individuals grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce
biological evolution
populations changing from generation to generation by passing genes that better fit environment
artificial selection
humans purposely breeding organisms for certain traits
natural selection
same as above but in nature
genes
functional units of DNA
scientific name
first part is genus, second part is genus
family
related genes
order
related families
class
related orders
phylum
related classes
kingdom
related phyla
domain
most exclusive group
phylogenetic trees
illustrations of evolution pathways
prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea(dna is not separated from rest of cell)
eukaryotes
all other organisms(dna is separate from cell structures)
organelles
specialized internal compartments of eukaryotic cells
protists
group of diverse single-celled and multi-cellular eukaryotic species, do not share common ancestry
kingdom platae
multicellular organisms that carry out photosynthesis
kingdom fungi
highly varied group of unicellular and multicellular species that mostly live as decomposers, no phootsynthesis
kingdom animalia
multicellular organisms that are consumers and can actively move from one place to another in one life cycle
biological research
effort to understand the living world
basic research
seeking explanations to satisfy curiosity and to advance collective knowledge
applied research
solving particular problems
scientific method
making observations, developing an explanation and then testing those explanations
observational data
basic information on biological structures or processes
experimental data
information obtained by manipulating system under study
hypothesis
explanation
null hypothesis
statement that would prove hypothesis false
variables
environmental factors that differ among organisms and environments
control
shows what happened if system not changed
replicates
multiple subjects tested with same results
model organisms
animals biologists work on because they have rapid development, short life cycles, and small adult size
