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Biology and Biotechnology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organic molecules

A

molecules based on carbon

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2
Q

inorganic molecules

A

substances without carbon atoms in their structure

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3
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecules consisting of carbon linked only to hydrogen

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4
Q

functional group

A

reactive groups of atoms

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5
Q

hydroxyl

A

consists of an oxygen atom linked to a hydrogen atom on one side
polars
alcohols

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6
Q

carbonyl

A

consists of an oxygen linked to a carbon by a double bond
oxygen atom is very reactive
aldehydes; ketones

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7
Q

carboxyl

A

combination of a carbonyl and hydroxyl group

characteristic functional group of organic acids for energy generating reactions in living organisms

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8
Q

amino

A

nitrogen bonded on one side by two hydrogen atoms

acts as an organic base

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9
Q

phosphate

A

central phosphorous atom held in four linkages
two are -oh
one is double bond with o
one is single bond with o

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10
Q

sulfhydrl

A

sulfur linked to a hydrogen

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11
Q

isomer

A

molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

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12
Q

enantiomers/optical isomers

A

isomers that are mirror images

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13
Q

structural isomers

A

molecules of same chemical formula but atoms are arranged in different ways

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14
Q

dehydration

A

when components of water molecule are removed

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15
Q

hydrolysis

A

when components of water are added to the function groups as molecules are broken into smaller subunits

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16
Q

glycogen

A

energy providing carbohydrates in animal cells

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17
Q

starch

A

energy providing carbohydrates in plant cells

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18
Q

cellulose

A

one of the primary constituents of plant cell walls made of chains of carbohydrate subunits

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19
Q

monosaccarides

A

smallest carbohydrates that contant 3-7 carbon atoms

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20
Q

polysaccarides

A

10 or more linked monosaccarides

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21
Q

glycosidic bonds

A

bonds between the number 1 carbon and the 4 carbon of a second glucose unit which link monosaccarides

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22
Q

neutral lipids

A

found in cells as energy storage molecules

insoluble in water

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23
Q

fatty acids

A

single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end

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24
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

max number of hydrogen

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25
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

one or more double bonds between c atoms

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26
Q

monounsaturated

A

one double bond

27
Q

polyunsaturated

A

more than one double bond

28
Q

triglyceride

A

fatty acids bind by dehydration synthesis at each of a glycerols

29
Q

waxes

A

fatty acids combined with long-chain alcohols or hydrocarbon structures

30
Q

phospholipids

A

phosphate containing lipids
primary lipids of cell membranes
half polar half nonpolar

31
Q

steroids

A

lipids with structures based on framework of 4 carbon rings

32
Q

sterols

A

most abundant steroids that have a single polar -oh group at one end

33
Q

cholesterol

A

in boundary membrane surrounding animal cells

34
Q

phytosterols

A

in plant membranes

35
Q

enzymes

A

increase the rate of cellular reactions

36
Q

amino acids

A

molecule that contains both an animo group and a carboxyl group

37
Q

peptide bond

A

formed by dehydration synthesis between NH2 of one amino acid to the cooh group of another

38
Q

n-terminal end

A

part of amino acid where nh2 is located

39
Q

c terminal end

A

part of amino acid chain when cooh is located

40
Q

polypetide

A

series of peptide bonds

41
Q

primary structure

A

particular and unique sequence of amino acids

42
Q

secondary structure

A

produced by twists and turns of the amino acid chain

43
Q

tertiary structure

A

folding of amino acid into 3d shape

44
Q

quaternary structure

A

when polypetide chain is formed from more than one chain

45
Q

alpha helix

A

backbone is twisted into a right hand spiral
side groups extend from backbone
h bonds between atoms in backbone

46
Q

beta sheet

A

chain zigzags in a flat plane

h bonds between adjacent strands stabilize sheet

47
Q

random coil

A

irregularly folded arrangement

allows proteins to fold back on themselves

48
Q

conformation

A

tertiary structure or its overall 3d shape

49
Q

denaturation

A

unfolding a protein from its active conformation so that it loses structure and function

50
Q

renaturation

A

opposite of denaturation

51
Q

chaperone proteins/chaperonins

A

temporarily bind with newly synthesized proteins guiding them to the proper conformationa nd tertiary structure

52
Q

conformation changes

A

undergoing limited alterations in 3d shape

53
Q

domains

A

large structural subdivisions folding of the amino acid chain

54
Q

motifs

A

highly specialized regions produced by 3d arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domain

55
Q

dna

A

stores hereditary information responsible for inherited traits in all eukaryotes and prokaryoes and a large number of viruses

56
Q

rna

A

hereditary molecule of a large group of viruses

carries instructions for assembling protein for dna to the sites where protein are made in the cell

57
Q

nucleotide

A 
monomer of nucleic acids consisting of: 
pyrimides: one carbon nitrogen ring
purines: two nitrogen carbon rings
five carbon ring shaped sugar
one to three phosphate groups
58
Q

deoxyribose

A

5 carbon sugar to which a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group link covalently

59
Q

ribose

A

5 carbon sugar to which the nitrogenous bases in nulceotides link covalently

60
Q

nucleoside

A

structure containing only a nitrogenous base and 5 carbon sugar

61
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

bridging the phosphate group from 5 of one sugar with the 3 carbon of another

62
Q

double helix

A

two nucleotide chains wrapped around each other in a spiral

63
Q

template

A

nucleotide chain used in dna for the assembly of the complementary chain

Biology and Biotechnology (8 decks)

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