Review Flashcards
Where are pregnanglionic neurons found? Are the axons myelinated? What is the neurotransmitter?
CNS; myelinated; Ach
Where are postganglionic neurons found? Are the axons myelinated? What is(are) the neurotransmitter(s)?
peripheral ganglia; not myelinated; Ach in parasympathetic, Norepinephrine in sympathetic
Where does the cell body of each sympathetic preganglionic neuron lie?
intermedeiolateral horn of the spinal cord (T1-L2)
Preganglionic fiber can synapse with postgangionic neurons upward or downward in the ___ ___
paravertebral chain
pregangionic fiber can pass for variable distances through the chain and then through one of the sympathetic nerves to synapse in what?
a peripheral sympathetic ganglion
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through the ___ rami, are type ___ fibers, make up about ___% of the fibers in the average nerve and control what?
gray; C; 8; control blood vessels, sweat glands, and piloerector muscles
Name the splanchnic nerve:
T5-T9
synapses in celiac ganglion
greater
Name the splanchnic nerve:
T10-T11
synapses in the superior mesenteric ganglion
lesser
Name the splanchnic nerve:
T12
Synapses in the aorticorenal ganglion
least
When does the alarm or stress response occur?
when there is a mass discharge of the entire sympathetic system
Increased arterial pressure; rerouting of blood flow to active muscles; increased rates of cellular metabolism; increased blood glucose concentration; increased glycolysis in liver and muscle; increased muscle strength; increased mental activity; and increased blood coagulation rate are all characteristics of alarm or stress response. true or false?
true
About 75% of all parasympathetic fibers are in the ___nerve
vagus (CN 10)
Most preganglionic fibers pass all the way to the organ it is innervating. true or false?
true
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are located where? what do they use as their neurotransmitter?
in the wall of the organ; Ach
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve? Where does it carry function to?
carries general sensation of taste from posterior one-third of the tongue
carries parasympathetics in preganglionics from inferior salivary nucleus to otic ganglion
carries parasympathetics in postganglionics to parotid gland
Describe the synthesis of norepinephrine
hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa
decarboxylation of dopa to dopamine
transport of dopamine into the vesicles
hydroxylation of dopamine to norepinephrine
In the adrenal medulla ___% of the norepinephrine is methylated to form epinephrine
80
List the way norepinephrine can be removed from synaptic cleft
reuptake, diffusion, destruction of monamine oxidase, destruction by COMT
Where are monoamine oxidase and COMT found?
monoamine oxidase: nerve endings
COMT: all tissues
Norepinephrine/epinephrine is active for only a few seconds when secreted directly into ___ but when secreted into ___ it remains active until destroyed by COMT
tissues; blood
Name the type of acetylcholine receptor:
muscarine is a poison from toadstools
found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons
muscarinic
Name the type of acetylcholine receptor:
found in autonomic ganglia at synapses between preganlgionic and postganglionic neurons
present in neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscles
nicotinic
The following characteristics describe which adrenergic receptor?
cardioacceleration
increased myocardial strength
lipolysis
Beta1
The following characteristics describe which adrenergic receptor? vasodilation intestinal relaxation uterus relaxation bronchodilation calorigenesis glycogenesis bladder wall relaxation
Beta2
The following characteristics describe which adrenergic receptor?
thermogenesis
Beta3
What is the action of Reserpine?
blocks synthesis and storage of norepinephrine
What is the action of Guanethidine?
blocks release of norepinephrine
What is the action of Phenoxybenzamine/phenotalmine?
block sympathetic alpha receptors
What is the action of Propranolol?
blocks sympathetic Beta1 and Beta2 receptors
What is the action of Metoprolol?
blocks mostly sympathetic Beta1 receptors
What is the action of Hexamethonium?
blocks transmission through autonomic ganglia
What is sympathetic effect on glands?
causes secretion of large amounts of sweat: cholinergic to most sweat glands
What is the parasympathetic effect on glands?
strongly stimulates lacrimal, nasal, salivary and many GI glands
Primary spermatocytes complete the first half of meiosis and become what?
secondary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes complete the second half of meiosis and become what?
spermatids
Spermatids undergo differentiation to become what?
mature sperm
In regards to spermiogensis, excess cytoplasm sloughs off and forms what?
residual body
Sperm cells are stored in ___ until ejaculated
epididymis
Sperm must remain in epididymis for a minimum of __ to ___ hours in order to gain motility
18-24
True or false? passage through the epididymis requires several days
true
Seminal vesicles are paired structures behind the prostate. Each vesicle is a loculated tube lined with a secretory epithelium that secrets a mucoid material containing what?
fructose, citric acid, additional nutrients, prostaglandins, fibrinogen
During emission and ejaculation, contents of vesicles are emptied into ejaculatory ducts containing ___. Contents make up ___% of total volume of semen
sperm; 60%
___ provides energy for sperm
fructose
____ make cervical mucous more receptive to sperm movement and may cause retro-peristalstic contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes
prostaglandins
Testosterone is formed by what cells?
interstitial cells of leydig
After testosterone is secreted __% is loosely bound with albumin or tightly bound with beta globulin
97
Testosterone circulates in blood for how long?
30 minutes to several hours
Testosterone levels are high in the fetus, decrease at birth, increase again as a newborn but then disappear thought childhood until puberty. After puberty, testosterone levels plateau and slowly decline throughout old age. true or false?
true
GnRH or LH-releasing hormone exists as a ___ AA peptide
10
GnRH is produced by neurons located where?
in arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus
GnRH is transported to AP via what system?
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
GnRH stimulates AP to produce what?
LH and FSH
Inhibin is secreted by ___ cells
Sertoli
What is the function of inhibin?
inhibits secretion of FSH by AP
Oogonia are surrounded by a single layer of nonterminal ___ cells
granulosa
The oogonium plus granolas cells is called what?
primordial follicle
The ovum is a ___ ___
primary oocyte
The primary oocyte begins process of meiosis but becomes arrested ruing what stage?
diplotene stage of prophase I
Most of the primary oocytes will become ___ before birth
atretic
After birth, only about ___ primary oocytes remain out of an initial number of oogonia cells of about 7 million
500,000
Beginning at puberty, a primary oocyte will complete the first stage of meiosis to become what?
a secondary oocyte + polar body
Describe the levels of estradiol and progesterone throughout the menstrual cycle
Estradiol is high, progesterone low before ovulation
After ovulation, estradiol decreases and progesterone increases
Concentrations of both ___ and ___ increase slightly during first few days of cycle
FSH and LH
note: FSH increase is slightly higher
What are the two ovarian hormones?
estrogen and proesterone
throughout childhood, granulosa cells surrounding primordial follicle do what?
provide nourishment to ovum, secrete oocyte maturation-inhibiting factor that keeps ovum suspended in its primordial state
Spindle-shaped cells around follicles form multiple layers around each follicle. What is this structure called?
theca
Early growth of follicle is stimulated mostly by ___
FSH
Cells in the theca internal become epithelioid and develop the ability to secrete ___ and ____
estrogen and progesterone
The theca external will become the protective capsule of the developing follicle. true or false?
true
Granulosa cells secrete a follicular fluid containing a high concentration of what? What does it cause to appear?
estrogen; antrum
Granulosa cells are dominant in producing estrogen over theca cells because…?
they have receptor for FSH which allows for conversion of androgens to estrogens
Completion of meiosis I is prior to release of primary oocyte form ovary. true or false?
true
Beginning of meiosis II occurs after fertilization. true or false?
false; prior
The fertilized oocyte is surrounded by ___ + _____
corona radiata; zona pellucida
corona radiate consists of ___ granulosa cells
100+
Ciliated epithelium of fimbriae allow entry into the fallopian tube. They are activated by ___ from ovaries and beat toward ____
estrogen; ostium
Fertilization takes place in the ___ of the fallopian tube
ampulla
Sperm transport is aided by contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes which are caused by ___ from male seminal fluid and ___ from PP
prostaglandins; oxytocin
Sperm penetration of barriers surrounding oocyte is caused by release of ___ from acrosome and ___ ___ which penetrates zone pellucida
hyaluronidase; zona lysin
Ferilized ovum travels for ___ to ___ days down fallopian tube
3-5
Progesterone is produced by the ___ ___
corpus luteum
Progesterone causes relaxation of uterus to allow what?
entry of blastocyst into uterine lining
In regards to the blastocyst, and the first two cleavages, cell division is ___
equal
After several cleavages of the blastocyst, two distinct cell populations begin to appear. Describe these populations
one population consists of may smaller outer cells surrounding a large single inner cell
The outer, smaller cells divide more rapidly than the larger, inner cells and form the ____
trophoblast
The inner cell mass of the trophoblast will give rise to what?
embryo, yolk sac, amnion, and allantoic stalk
The tertiary vili will tap into the maternal blood in the trophoblastic ____
lacunae
The blood vessels within the tertiary vili will eventually dump into vessels running through the ___ ___
allantoic stalk
note: this is the umbilical cord
The chorion plus the portion of the uterine endometrium with the trophoblastic lacunae is collectively called the ____
placenta
____ causes endometrial cells to become enlarged and store large quantities of glycogen, proteins, lipids and minerals during latter half of menstrual cycle. These cells are now referred to as ___ cells
progesterone; decidual
Decidual cells provide nutrients to early embryo for first week after implantation and continue to provide some nutrients for up to how long?
8 weeks after implantation
What is the PO2 of mother
50 mm Hg
What is the PO2 of fetus
30 mm Hg
What are the reasons why adequate oxygenation can occur with such a low pressure gradient?
fetal hemoglobin, fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater than maternal, bohr effect
What is the bohr effect?
shift of oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right in response to increases in blood CO2 and hydrogen ions enhances release of oxygen from blood
Due to the bohr effect fetal blood becomes more ___ while maternal blood becomes more ____
alkaline; acidic
What is the double bohr effect?
the bohr shift operates in one direction in the maternal blood and in the other direction in the fetal blood
carbon dioxide diffusion is a function of the placenta. PCO2 of fetal blood = __ to ___ X higher than maternal blood
2-3
Diffusion of foodstuffs is a function of the placenta. facilitated diffusion of glucose occurs via ___ cells. slower diffusion of __ __ into fetal blood
trophoblast; fatty acid
Name the following hormone:
secreted by the syncytial trophoblast cells into maternal fluids; measurable secretion 8-9 days after ovulation; maximal secretion during 10th - 12th week of pregnancy; lower levels secreted 16th-20th weeks
human chorionic gonadotropin
What are the functions of human chorionic gonadotropin?
prevents involution of corpus luteum; causes CL to increase secretion of progesterone and estrogens; exerts interstitial cell-stimulating effect on testes of male fetus which results in production of testosterone until birth
Estrogens are secreted by ___ cells of placenta
synctiotrophoblast
Toward end of pregnancy, secretion level of estrogen is ___X mother’s normal level
30
placental estrogens are formed entirely from androgenic steroid compounds. where are these steroid compounds formed?
formed in mother’s and fetal adrenal glands
note: converted by trophoblast cells into estradiol, eastern, and estriol
Prolactin is secreted by what? what does it promote? when does it have its full effect?
AP; milk secretion; after birth
Describe colostrum. When is it secreted?
similar to milk without fat; secreted just before and after parturition
