Review

Question 1

Where are pregnanglionic neurons found? Are the axons myelinated? What is the neurotransmitter?

Answer 1

CNS; myelinated; Ach

Question 2

Where are postganglionic neurons found? Are the axons myelinated? What is(are) the neurotransmitter(s)?

Answer 2

peripheral ganglia; not myelinated; Ach in parasympathetic, Norepinephrine in sympathetic

Question 3

Where does the cell body of each sympathetic preganglionic neuron lie?

Answer 3

intermedeiolateral horn of the spinal cord (T1-L2)

Question 4

Preganglionic fiber can synapse with postgangionic neurons upward or downward in the ___ ___

Answer 4

paravertebral chain

Question 5

pregangionic fiber can pass for variable distances through the chain and then through one of the sympathetic nerves to synapse in what?

Answer 5

a peripheral sympathetic ganglion

Question 6

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through the ___ rami, are type ___ fibers, make up about ___% of the fibers in the average nerve and control what?

Answer 6

gray; C; 8; control blood vessels, sweat glands, and piloerector muscles

Question 7

Name the splanchnic nerve:
T5-T9
synapses in celiac ganglion

Answer 7

greater

Question 8

Name the splanchnic nerve:
T10-T11
synapses in the superior mesenteric ganglion

Answer 8

lesser

Question 9

Name the splanchnic nerve:
T12
Synapses in the aorticorenal ganglion

Answer 9

least

Question 10

When does the alarm or stress response occur?

Answer 10

when there is a mass discharge of the entire sympathetic system

Question 11

Increased arterial pressure; rerouting of blood flow to active muscles; increased rates of cellular metabolism; increased blood glucose concentration; increased glycolysis in liver and muscle; increased muscle strength; increased mental activity; and increased blood coagulation rate are all characteristics of alarm or stress response. true or false?

Answer 11

true

Question 12

About 75% of all parasympathetic fibers are in the ___nerve

Answer 12

vagus (CN 10)

Question 13

Most preganglionic fibers pass all the way to the organ it is innervating. true or false?

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are located where? what do they use as their neurotransmitter?

Answer 14

in the wall of the organ; Ach

Question 15

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve? Where does it carry function to?

Answer 15

carries general sensation of taste from posterior one-third of the tongue

carries parasympathetics in preganglionics from inferior salivary nucleus to otic ganglion

carries parasympathetics in postganglionics to parotid gland

Question 16

Describe the synthesis of norepinephrine

Answer 16

hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa
decarboxylation of dopa to dopamine
transport of dopamine into the vesicles
hydroxylation of dopamine to norepinephrine

Question 17

In the adrenal medulla ___% of the norepinephrine is methylated to form epinephrine

Answer 17

80

Question 18

List the way norepinephrine can be removed from synaptic cleft

Answer 18

reuptake, diffusion, destruction of monamine oxidase, destruction by COMT

Question 19

Where are monoamine oxidase and COMT found?

Answer 19

monoamine oxidase: nerve endings

COMT: all tissues

Question 20

Norepinephrine/epinephrine is active for only a few seconds when secreted directly into ___ but when secreted into ___ it remains active until destroyed by COMT

Answer 20

tissues; blood

Question 21

Name the type of acetylcholine receptor:
muscarine is a poison from toadstools
found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons

Answer 21

muscarinic

Question 22

Name the type of acetylcholine receptor:
found in autonomic ganglia at synapses between preganlgionic and postganglionic neurons
present in neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscles

Answer 22

nicotinic

Question 23

The following characteristics describe which adrenergic receptor?
cardioacceleration
increased myocardial strength
lipolysis

Answer 23

Beta1

Question 24

The following characteristics describe which adrenergic receptor?
vasodilation
intestinal relaxation
uterus relaxation
bronchodilation
calorigenesis
glycogenesis
bladder wall relaxation

Answer 24

Beta2

Question 25

The following characteristics describe which adrenergic receptor? thermogenesis

Answer 25

Beta3

Question 26

What is the action of Reserpine?

Answer 26

blocks synthesis and storage of norepinephrine

Question 27

What is the action of Guanethidine?

Answer 27

blocks release of norepinephrine

Question 28

What is the action of Phenoxybenzamine/phenotalmine?

Answer 28

block sympathetic alpha receptors

Question 29

What is the action of Propranolol?

Answer 29

blocks sympathetic Beta1 and Beta2 receptors

Question 30

What is the action of Metoprolol?

Answer 30

blocks mostly sympathetic Beta1 receptors

Question 31

What is the action of Hexamethonium?

Answer 31

blocks transmission through autonomic ganglia

Question 32

What is sympathetic effect on glands?

Answer 32

causes secretion of large amounts of sweat: cholinergic to most sweat glands

Question 33

What is the parasympathetic effect on glands?

Answer 33

strongly stimulates lacrimal, nasal, salivary and many GI glands

Question 34

Primary spermatocytes complete the first half of meiosis and become what?

Answer 34

secondary spermatocytes

Question 35

Secondary spermatocytes complete the second half of meiosis and become what?

Answer 35

spermatids

Question 36

Spermatids undergo differentiation to become what?

Answer 36

mature sperm

Question 37

In regards to spermiogensis, excess cytoplasm sloughs off and forms what?

Answer 37

residual body

Question 38

Sperm cells are stored in ___ until ejaculated

Answer 38

epididymis

Question 39

Sperm must remain in epididymis for a minimum of __ to ___ hours in order to gain motility

Answer 39

18-24

Question 40

True or false? passage through the epididymis requires several days

Answer 40

true

Question 41

Seminal vesicles are paired structures behind the prostate. Each vesicle is a loculated tube lined with a secretory epithelium that secrets a mucoid material containing what?

Answer 41

fructose, citric acid, additional nutrients, prostaglandins, fibrinogen

Question 42

During emission and ejaculation, contents of vesicles are emptied into ejaculatory ducts containing ___. Contents make up ___% of total volume of semen

Answer 42

sperm; 60%

Question 43

___ provides energy for sperm

Answer 43

fructose

Question 44

____ make cervical mucous more receptive to sperm movement and may cause retro-peristalstic contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes

Answer 44

prostaglandins

Question 45

Testosterone is formed by what cells?

Answer 45

interstitial cells of leydig

Question 46

After testosterone is secreted __% is loosely bound with albumin or tightly bound with beta globulin

Answer 46

97

Question 47

Testosterone circulates in blood for how long?

Answer 47

30 minutes to several hours

Question 48

Testosterone levels are high in the fetus, decrease at birth, increase again as a newborn but then disappear thought childhood until puberty. After puberty, testosterone levels plateau and slowly decline throughout old age. true or false?

Answer 48

true

Question 49

GnRH or LH-releasing hormone exists as a ___ AA peptide

Answer 49

10

Question 50

GnRH is produced by neurons located where?

Answer 50

in arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus

Question 51

GnRH is transported to AP via what system?

Answer 51

hypothalamic-hypophyseal

Question 52

GnRH stimulates AP to produce what?

Answer 52

LH and FSH

Question 53

Inhibin is secreted by ___ cells

Answer 53

Sertoli

Question 54

What is the function of inhibin?

Answer 54

inhibits secretion of FSH by AP

Question 55

Oogonia are surrounded by a single layer of nonterminal ___ cells

Answer 55

granulosa

Question 56

The oogonium plus granolas cells is called what?

Answer 56

primordial follicle

Question 57

The ovum is a ___ ___

Answer 57

primary oocyte

Question 58

The primary oocyte begins process of meiosis but becomes arrested ruing what stage?

Answer 58

diplotene stage of prophase I

Question 59

Most of the primary oocytes will become ___ before birth

Answer 59

atretic

Question 60

After birth, only about ___ primary oocytes remain out of an initial number of oogonia cells of about 7 million

Answer 60

500,000

Question 61

Beginning at puberty, a primary oocyte will complete the first stage of meiosis to become what?

Answer 61

a secondary oocyte + polar body

Question 62

Describe the levels of estradiol and progesterone throughout the menstrual cycle

Answer 62

Estradiol is high, progesterone low before ovulation | After ovulation, estradiol decreases and progesterone increases

Question 63

Concentrations of both ___ and ___ increase slightly during first few days of cycle

Answer 63

FSH and LH note: FSH increase is slightly higher

Question 64

What are the two ovarian hormones?

Answer 64

estrogen and proesterone

Question 65

throughout childhood, granulosa cells surrounding primordial follicle do what?

Answer 65

provide nourishment to ovum, secrete oocyte maturation-inhibiting factor that keeps ovum suspended in its primordial state

Question 66

Spindle-shaped cells around follicles form multiple layers around each follicle. What is this structure called?

Answer 66

theca

Question 67

Early growth of follicle is stimulated mostly by ___

Answer 67

FSH

Question 68

Cells in the theca internal become epithelioid and develop the ability to secrete ___ and ____

Answer 68

estrogen and progesterone

Question 69

The theca external will become the protective capsule of the developing follicle. true or false?

Answer 69

true

Question 70

Granulosa cells secrete a follicular fluid containing a high concentration of what? What does it cause to appear?

Answer 70

estrogen; antrum

Question 71

Granulosa cells are dominant in producing estrogen over theca cells because...?

Answer 71

they have receptor for FSH which allows for conversion of androgens to estrogens

Question 72

Completion of meiosis I is prior to release of primary oocyte form ovary. true or false?

Answer 72

true

Question 73

Beginning of meiosis II occurs after fertilization. true or false?

Answer 73

false; prior

Question 74

The fertilized oocyte is surrounded by ___ + _____

Answer 74

corona radiata; zona pellucida

Question 75

corona radiate consists of ___ granulosa cells

Answer 75

100+

Question 76

Ciliated epithelium of fimbriae allow entry into the fallopian tube. They are activated by ___ from ovaries and beat toward ____

Answer 76

estrogen; ostium

Question 77

Fertilization takes place in the ___ of the fallopian tube

Answer 77

ampulla

Question 78

Sperm transport is aided by contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes which are caused by ___ from male seminal fluid and ___ from PP

Answer 78

prostaglandins; oxytocin

Question 79

Sperm penetration of barriers surrounding oocyte is caused by release of ___ from acrosome and ___ ___ which penetrates zone pellucida

Answer 79

hyaluronidase; zona lysin

Question 80

Ferilized ovum travels for ___ to ___ days down fallopian tube

Answer 80

3-5

Question 81

Progesterone is produced by the ___ ___

Answer 81

corpus luteum

Question 82

Progesterone causes relaxation of uterus to allow what?

Answer 82

entry of blastocyst into uterine lining

Question 83

In regards to the blastocyst, and the first two cleavages, cell division is ___

Answer 83

equal

Question 84

After several cleavages of the blastocyst, two distinct cell populations begin to appear. Describe these populations

Answer 84

one population consists of may smaller outer cells surrounding a large single inner cell

Question 85

The outer, smaller cells divide more rapidly than the larger, inner cells and form the ____

Answer 85

trophoblast

Question 86

The inner cell mass of the trophoblast will give rise to what?

Answer 86

embryo, yolk sac, amnion, and allantoic stalk

Question 87

The tertiary vili will tap into the maternal blood in the trophoblastic ____

Answer 87

lacunae

Question 88

The blood vessels within the tertiary vili will eventually dump into vessels running through the ___ ___

Answer 88

allantoic stalk note: this is the umbilical cord

Question 89

The chorion plus the portion of the uterine endometrium with the trophoblastic lacunae is collectively called the ____

Answer 89

placenta

Question 90

____ causes endometrial cells to become enlarged and store large quantities of glycogen, proteins, lipids and minerals during latter half of menstrual cycle. These cells are now referred to as ___ cells

Answer 90

progesterone; decidual

Question 91

Decidual cells provide nutrients to early embryo for first week after implantation and continue to provide some nutrients for up to how long?

Answer 91

8 weeks after implantation

Question 92

What is the PO2 of mother

Answer 92

50 mm Hg

Question 93

What is the PO2 of fetus

Answer 93

30 mm Hg

Question 94

What are the reasons why adequate oxygenation can occur with such a low pressure gradient?

Answer 94

fetal hemoglobin, fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater than maternal, bohr effect

Question 95

What is the bohr effect?

Answer 95

shift of oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right in response to increases in blood CO2 and hydrogen ions enhances release of oxygen from blood

Question 96

Due to the bohr effect fetal blood becomes more ___ while maternal blood becomes more ____

Answer 96

alkaline; acidic

Question 97

What is the double bohr effect?

Answer 97

the bohr shift operates in one direction in the maternal blood and in the other direction in the fetal blood

Question 98

carbon dioxide diffusion is a function of the placenta. PCO2 of fetal blood = __ to ___ X higher than maternal blood

Answer 98

2-3

Question 99

Diffusion of foodstuffs is a function of the placenta. facilitated diffusion of glucose occurs via ___ cells. slower diffusion of __ __ into fetal blood

Answer 99

trophoblast; fatty acid

Question 100

Name the following hormone: secreted by the syncytial trophoblast cells into maternal fluids; measurable secretion 8-9 days after ovulation; maximal secretion during 10th - 12th week of pregnancy; lower levels secreted 16th-20th weeks

Answer 100

human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 101

What are the functions of human chorionic gonadotropin?

Answer 101

prevents involution of corpus luteum; causes CL to increase secretion of progesterone and estrogens; exerts interstitial cell-stimulating effect on testes of male fetus which results in production of testosterone until birth

Question 102

Estrogens are secreted by ___ cells of placenta

Answer 102

synctiotrophoblast

Question 103

Toward end of pregnancy, secretion level of estrogen is ___X mother's normal level

Answer 103

30

Question 104

placental estrogens are formed entirely from androgenic steroid compounds. where are these steroid compounds formed?

Answer 104

formed in mother's and fetal adrenal glands note: converted by trophoblast cells into estradiol, eastern, and estriol

Question 105

Prolactin is secreted by what? what does it promote? when does it have its full effect?

Answer 105

AP; milk secretion; after birth

Question 106

Describe colostrum. When is it secreted?

Answer 106

similar to milk without fat; secreted just before and after parturition