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Physiology II Final > Pregnancy and Lactation (Lec 22) > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Lactation (Lec 22) Flashcards

1
Q

In regards to fertilization - release of primary oocyte from ovary, completion of meiosis I is before or after release?

A

before

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2
Q

In regards to fertilization - release of primary oocyte from ovary, beginning of meiosis II is before or after fertilization

A

before

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3
Q

In regards to fertilization - release of primary oocyte from ovary, the oocyte is surrounded by what?

A

corona radiata + zona pellucida

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4
Q

In regards to entry into fallopian tube, ciliated epithelium of fimbriae is activated by ___ from ovaries and cause cilia to beat toward ___

A

estrogen; ostium

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5
Q

Fertilization takes place in the ___ of the fallopian tube

A

ampulla

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6
Q

Prostaglandins from male seminal fluid and oxytocin from PP aid sperm transport by causing ___ of uterus and fallopian tubes

A

contraction

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7
Q

Sperm penetrate barriers of surround oocyte by release of ___ from acrosome, which dissolves material holding together corona radiate cells

A

hyaluronidase

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8
Q

The zona lysin of the sperm penetrates what part of the oocyte?

A

zona pellucida

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9
Q

The blastocyst reaches uterus at days __ to ___ and implants at days __ to ___

A

4-5; 5-7

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10
Q

The fertilized ovum travels for how many days down fallopian tube?

A

3-5

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11
Q

Transport of fertilized ovum is aided by ___ produced by corpus luteum, which causes relaxation of uterus to allow entry of blastocyst into uterine lumen

A

progesterone

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12
Q

Nourishment for developing embryo provided by ___ ___ secretory cells and ____ endometrium

A

fallopian tube; uterine

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13
Q

Nourishment for developing embryo provided by ___ ___ secretory cells and ____ endometrium

A

fallopian tube; uterine

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14
Q

Fertilized egg undergoes several mitotic divisions while in fallopian tube. This produces what?

A

blastocyst

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15
Q

In regards to blastocyst formation, the first two cleavages - cell division is equal. After several cleavages, however, two distinct cell populations begin to appear. What are they?

A

one population consists of many small outer cells surrounding a large single inner cell

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16
Q

In regards to the formation of blastocyst, the outer smaller cells divide more ___ than the larger, inner cells and form the ___

A

rapidly; trophoblast

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17
Q

In regards to the formation of blastocyst, the ____ will give rise to the embryo proper and the yolk sac, amnion, and allantoic stalk

A

inner cell mass

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18
Q

In regards to the blastocyst, as cleavage continues, a cavity develops within the trophoblast. This cavity is located eccentrically with the inner cell mass located opposite of the cavity. This “hollow ball” is called the ____

A

blastocyst

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19
Q

The outer wall of the blastocyst is the ____

A

trophoblast

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20
Q

The side of the blastocyst where the inner cell mass is located is referred to as the ___ pole

A

embryonic

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21
Q

The opposite side of the blastocyst, where the cavity is found, is called the ___ pole

A

abembryonic

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22
Q

In regards to implantation, evidence suggests that the ___ pole of the blastocyst becomes sticky and that this is the pole that normally attaches to the ___

A

embryonic; endometrium

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23
Q

In regards to implantation, evidence suggests that the ___ pole of the blastocyst becomes sticky and that this is the pole that normally attaches to the ___

A

embryonic; endometrium

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24
Q

At the time of implantation, the trophoblast forms two kinds of tissues. An inner ___ and an outer ____

A

cytotrophoblast; syncytiotrophoblast

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25
Q

The cytotrophoblast is composed to cells separated from one another by what?

A

cell membranes

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26
Q

As the syncytiotrophoblast erodes its way into the endometrium, it develops cavities called ___ ___

A

trophoblastic lacunae

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27
Q

Trophoblastic lacunae become filled with ___ ___ and represent the potential source of oxygen and nutrients for the developing embryo

A

maternal blood

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28
Q

Trophoblastic lacunae become filled with ___ ___ and represent the potential source of oxygen and nutrients for the developing embryo

A

maternal blood

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29
Q

The cells of the syncytiotrophoblast secrete ___ enzymes that digest/liquefy adjacent cells of uterine endometrium

A

proteolytic

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30
Q

The cytotrophoblast forms solid tubular thickenings called ___ villi

A

primary

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31
Q

At about fourteen days following fertilization, primary villi become ___ and acquire a ___ core. These projections are called ___ vili

A

hollow; mesodermal; secondary

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32
Q

Several days later the secondary vili have formed branched, hollow structures containing ___ blood vessels. These are the __ vili

A

fetal; tertiary

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33
Q

The tertiary vili will tap into the ___ blood in the trophoblastic lacunae

A

maternal

34
Q

The blood vessels within the tertiary vili will eventually dump into vessels running through the ___ ___

A

allantoic stalk

35
Q

The chorion plus the portion of the uterine endometrium with the trophoblastic lacunae is collectively called the ___

A

placenta

36
Q

The chorion plus the portion of the uterine endometrium with the trophoblastic lacunae is collectively called the ___

A

placenta

37
Q

What is the influence of progesterone from corpus luteum on endometrial cells?

A

causes endometrial cells to become enlarged and to store large quantities of glycogen, proteins, lipids, and minerals during latter half of menstrual cycle; also causes them to become more enlarged an to store more nutrients; cells become decidual cells

38
Q

Decimal cells provide nutrients to early embryo for first ___ after implantation and continue to provide nutrients for how long?

A

week; 8 weeks

39
Q

Decimal cells provide nutrients to early embryo for first ___ after implantation and continue to provide nutrients for how long?

A

week; 8 weeks

40
Q

In regards to functions of the placenta, what is the PO2 of the mother and fetus

A

mother: 50 mm hg
fetus: 30 mm hg

41
Q

How does adequate oxygenation occur with such a low pressure gradient between mother and fetus?

A

fetal hemoglobin; fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater than maternal; bohr effect

42
Q

How does adequate oxygenation occur with such a low pressure gradient between mother and fetus?

A

fetal hemoglobin; fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater than maternal; bohr effect

43
Q

How does adequate oxygenation occur with such a low pressure gradient between mother and fetus?

A

fetal hemoglobin; fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater than maternal; bohr effect

44
Q

Oxygen diffusion in the placenta occurs when during pregnancy?

A

near end of pregnancy

45
Q

Contrast the permeability of the early and late placenta

A

early: low
late: high

46
Q

Hemoglobin can carry more oxygen at a __ PCO2

A

low

47
Q

Fetal blood coming into placenta carries ___ CO2

A

more

48
Q

Fetal blood becomes more ___. Maternal blood becomes more ___. Alkaline or acidic?

A

alkaline; acidic

49
Q

Changes cause ___ in capacity of fetal blood to combine with oxygen and ___ in capacity of maternal blood to combine with oxygen

A

increase; decrease

50
Q

PCO2 of fetal blood = __ to ___ X higher than maternal blood

A

2-3

51
Q

Facilitated diffusion of glucose occurs via ___ cells

A

trophoblast

52
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by the __ ___ cells into maternal fluids

A

syncytial trophoblast

53
Q

There is a measurable secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin __ to __ days after ovulation

A

8-9

54
Q

Maximal secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin occurs during what weeks of pregnancy

A

10-12

55
Q

Prevention of involution of corpus luteum; causes CL to increase secretion of progesterone and estrogens; causes increased growth in CL.
These are functions of what?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

56
Q

Estrogens are secreted by ____ cells of placenta

A

syncytiotrophoblast

57
Q

Toward the end of pregnancy, estrogen secretion level is __X normal

A

30

58
Q

Placental estrogens are formed almost entirely from androgenic steroid compounds; they are converted by trophoblast cells into ___, ___, and ___

A

estradiol, estrone, and estriol

59
Q

Placental estrogens are formed almost entirely from androgenic steroid compounds; they are converted by trophoblast cells into ___, ___, and ___

A

estradiol, estrone, and estriol

60
Q

uterine enlargement; breast enlargement; growth of breast ductal structure; enlargement of maternal external genitalia; relaxation of pelvic ligaments

all functions of what hormone?

A

estrogen

61
Q

Progesterone is secreted in small quantities by____ ___ and in large quantities by ____

A

corpus luteum; placenta

62
Q

causes decidual cells to develop; decreases contractility; increases secretions of fallopian tubes and uterus

all functions of what hormone

A

progesterone

63
Q

Human chorionic somatomammotropin is secreted by placenta in ___ week of pregancy

A

5th

64
Q

what are the functions of Human chorionic somatomammotropin?

A

causes decreased insulin sensitivity and decreased utilization of glucose by mother; general metabolic hormone

65
Q

in regards to changes in maternal circulation, there is an increase in cardiac output until ___ week but return to almost normal during last ___ weeks

A

27th; 8

66
Q

in regards to changes in maternal circulation, there is an increase in blood volume by ___% during latter half of pregnancy

A

30

67
Q

Progesterone increases sensitivity of respiratory center to ___ ___

A

carbon dioxide

68
Q

In regards to changes in maternal renal function; there is an increase in ___ and ___ reabsorption due to steroid hormones

A

salt and water

69
Q

In regards to changes in maternal renal function, there is a ___% increase in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration

A

50

70
Q

Hypertension during last few months of pregnancy; leakage of large amounts of protein into urine; excess salt and water retention by kidneys; weight gain and edema; renal blood flow and filtration are decreased

these are all symptoms of what?

A

preclampsia

71
Q

what are the possible causes of preeclampsia?

A

excess secretion of placental/adrenal hormones, autoimmunity, insufficient blood supply to placenta

72
Q

what are the possible causes of preeclampsia?

A

excess secretion of placental/adrenal hormones, autoimmunity, insufficient blood supply to placenta

73
Q

___ is an extreme degree of preclampsia

A

eclampsia

74
Q

What are the symptoms of eclampsia?

A

vascular spasm, clonic seizures, coma, decreased kidney and liver function, high death rate

75
Q

____ is increased excitability of uterine musculature

A

paturition

76
Q

What are the hormonal changes associated with paturition?

A

Increased ration of estrogens to progesterone; oxytocin from PP; cortisol from fetal adrenal glands

77
Q

What are the progressive mechanical changes of paturition?

A

stretching of smooth muscle of uterus; stretching or irritating of cervix

78
Q

Parturition leads to positive or negative feedback, resulting in labor contractions?

A

positive

79
Q

Parturition leads to positive or negative feedback, resulting in labor contractions?

A

positive

80
Q

High estrogen state of pregnancy is repsonsible for growth of what two things?

A

breasts; branching of ductal system

81
Q

Secreted by AP; promotes milk secretion; has full effects after birth

name the hormone

A

prolactin

82
Q

Secreted just before and after paturition; similar to milk without fat

A

colostrum

Physiology II Final (5 decks)

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