Pregnancy and Lactation (Lec 22) Flashcards
In regards to fertilization - release of primary oocyte from ovary, completion of meiosis I is before or after release?
before
In regards to fertilization - release of primary oocyte from ovary, beginning of meiosis II is before or after fertilization
before
In regards to fertilization - release of primary oocyte from ovary, the oocyte is surrounded by what?
corona radiata + zona pellucida
In regards to entry into fallopian tube, ciliated epithelium of fimbriae is activated by ___ from ovaries and cause cilia to beat toward ___
estrogen; ostium
Fertilization takes place in the ___ of the fallopian tube
ampulla
Prostaglandins from male seminal fluid and oxytocin from PP aid sperm transport by causing ___ of uterus and fallopian tubes
contraction
Sperm penetrate barriers of surround oocyte by release of ___ from acrosome, which dissolves material holding together corona radiate cells
hyaluronidase
The zona lysin of the sperm penetrates what part of the oocyte?
zona pellucida
The blastocyst reaches uterus at days __ to ___ and implants at days __ to ___
4-5; 5-7
The fertilized ovum travels for how many days down fallopian tube?
3-5
Transport of fertilized ovum is aided by ___ produced by corpus luteum, which causes relaxation of uterus to allow entry of blastocyst into uterine lumen
progesterone
Nourishment for developing embryo provided by ___ ___ secretory cells and ____ endometrium
fallopian tube; uterine
Nourishment for developing embryo provided by ___ ___ secretory cells and ____ endometrium
fallopian tube; uterine
Fertilized egg undergoes several mitotic divisions while in fallopian tube. This produces what?
blastocyst
In regards to blastocyst formation, the first two cleavages - cell division is equal. After several cleavages, however, two distinct cell populations begin to appear. What are they?
one population consists of many small outer cells surrounding a large single inner cell
In regards to the formation of blastocyst, the outer smaller cells divide more ___ than the larger, inner cells and form the ___
rapidly; trophoblast
In regards to the formation of blastocyst, the ____ will give rise to the embryo proper and the yolk sac, amnion, and allantoic stalk
inner cell mass
In regards to the blastocyst, as cleavage continues, a cavity develops within the trophoblast. This cavity is located eccentrically with the inner cell mass located opposite of the cavity. This “hollow ball” is called the ____
blastocyst
The outer wall of the blastocyst is the ____
trophoblast
The side of the blastocyst where the inner cell mass is located is referred to as the ___ pole
embryonic
The opposite side of the blastocyst, where the cavity is found, is called the ___ pole
abembryonic
In regards to implantation, evidence suggests that the ___ pole of the blastocyst becomes sticky and that this is the pole that normally attaches to the ___
embryonic; endometrium
In regards to implantation, evidence suggests that the ___ pole of the blastocyst becomes sticky and that this is the pole that normally attaches to the ___
embryonic; endometrium
At the time of implantation, the trophoblast forms two kinds of tissues. An inner ___ and an outer ____
cytotrophoblast; syncytiotrophoblast
The cytotrophoblast is composed to cells separated from one another by what?
cell membranes
As the syncytiotrophoblast erodes its way into the endometrium, it develops cavities called ___ ___
trophoblastic lacunae
Trophoblastic lacunae become filled with ___ ___ and represent the potential source of oxygen and nutrients for the developing embryo
maternal blood
Trophoblastic lacunae become filled with ___ ___ and represent the potential source of oxygen and nutrients for the developing embryo
maternal blood
The cells of the syncytiotrophoblast secrete ___ enzymes that digest/liquefy adjacent cells of uterine endometrium
proteolytic
The cytotrophoblast forms solid tubular thickenings called ___ villi
primary
At about fourteen days following fertilization, primary villi become ___ and acquire a ___ core. These projections are called ___ vili
hollow; mesodermal; secondary
Several days later the secondary vili have formed branched, hollow structures containing ___ blood vessels. These are the __ vili
fetal; tertiary
The tertiary vili will tap into the ___ blood in the trophoblastic lacunae
maternal
The blood vessels within the tertiary vili will eventually dump into vessels running through the ___ ___
allantoic stalk
The chorion plus the portion of the uterine endometrium with the trophoblastic lacunae is collectively called the ___
placenta
The chorion plus the portion of the uterine endometrium with the trophoblastic lacunae is collectively called the ___
placenta
What is the influence of progesterone from corpus luteum on endometrial cells?
causes endometrial cells to become enlarged and to store large quantities of glycogen, proteins, lipids, and minerals during latter half of menstrual cycle; also causes them to become more enlarged an to store more nutrients; cells become decidual cells
Decimal cells provide nutrients to early embryo for first ___ after implantation and continue to provide nutrients for how long?
week; 8 weeks
Decimal cells provide nutrients to early embryo for first ___ after implantation and continue to provide nutrients for how long?
week; 8 weeks
In regards to functions of the placenta, what is the PO2 of the mother and fetus
mother: 50 mm hg
fetus: 30 mm hg
How does adequate oxygenation occur with such a low pressure gradient between mother and fetus?
fetal hemoglobin; fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater than maternal; bohr effect
How does adequate oxygenation occur with such a low pressure gradient between mother and fetus?
fetal hemoglobin; fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater than maternal; bohr effect
How does adequate oxygenation occur with such a low pressure gradient between mother and fetus?
fetal hemoglobin; fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater than maternal; bohr effect
Oxygen diffusion in the placenta occurs when during pregnancy?
near end of pregnancy
Contrast the permeability of the early and late placenta
early: low
late: high
Hemoglobin can carry more oxygen at a __ PCO2
low
Fetal blood coming into placenta carries ___ CO2
more
Fetal blood becomes more ___. Maternal blood becomes more ___. Alkaline or acidic?
alkaline; acidic
Changes cause ___ in capacity of fetal blood to combine with oxygen and ___ in capacity of maternal blood to combine with oxygen
increase; decrease
PCO2 of fetal blood = __ to ___ X higher than maternal blood
2-3
Facilitated diffusion of glucose occurs via ___ cells
trophoblast
Human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by the __ ___ cells into maternal fluids
syncytial trophoblast
There is a measurable secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin __ to __ days after ovulation
8-9
Maximal secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin occurs during what weeks of pregnancy
10-12
Prevention of involution of corpus luteum; causes CL to increase secretion of progesterone and estrogens; causes increased growth in CL.
These are functions of what?
human chorionic gonadotropin
Estrogens are secreted by ____ cells of placenta
syncytiotrophoblast
Toward the end of pregnancy, estrogen secretion level is __X normal
30
Placental estrogens are formed almost entirely from androgenic steroid compounds; they are converted by trophoblast cells into ___, ___, and ___
estradiol, estrone, and estriol
Placental estrogens are formed almost entirely from androgenic steroid compounds; they are converted by trophoblast cells into ___, ___, and ___
estradiol, estrone, and estriol
uterine enlargement; breast enlargement; growth of breast ductal structure; enlargement of maternal external genitalia; relaxation of pelvic ligaments
all functions of what hormone?
estrogen
Progesterone is secreted in small quantities by____ ___ and in large quantities by ____
corpus luteum; placenta
causes decidual cells to develop; decreases contractility; increases secretions of fallopian tubes and uterus
all functions of what hormone
progesterone
Human chorionic somatomammotropin is secreted by placenta in ___ week of pregancy
5th
what are the functions of Human chorionic somatomammotropin?
causes decreased insulin sensitivity and decreased utilization of glucose by mother; general metabolic hormone
in regards to changes in maternal circulation, there is an increase in cardiac output until ___ week but return to almost normal during last ___ weeks
27th; 8
in regards to changes in maternal circulation, there is an increase in blood volume by ___% during latter half of pregnancy
30
Progesterone increases sensitivity of respiratory center to ___ ___
carbon dioxide
In regards to changes in maternal renal function; there is an increase in ___ and ___ reabsorption due to steroid hormones
salt and water
In regards to changes in maternal renal function, there is a ___% increase in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration
50
Hypertension during last few months of pregnancy; leakage of large amounts of protein into urine; excess salt and water retention by kidneys; weight gain and edema; renal blood flow and filtration are decreased
these are all symptoms of what?
preclampsia
what are the possible causes of preeclampsia?
excess secretion of placental/adrenal hormones, autoimmunity, insufficient blood supply to placenta
what are the possible causes of preeclampsia?
excess secretion of placental/adrenal hormones, autoimmunity, insufficient blood supply to placenta
___ is an extreme degree of preclampsia
eclampsia
What are the symptoms of eclampsia?
vascular spasm, clonic seizures, coma, decreased kidney and liver function, high death rate
____ is increased excitability of uterine musculature
paturition
What are the hormonal changes associated with paturition?
Increased ration of estrogens to progesterone; oxytocin from PP; cortisol from fetal adrenal glands
What are the progressive mechanical changes of paturition?
stretching of smooth muscle of uterus; stretching or irritating of cervix
Parturition leads to positive or negative feedback, resulting in labor contractions?
positive
Parturition leads to positive or negative feedback, resulting in labor contractions?
positive
High estrogen state of pregnancy is repsonsible for growth of what two things?
breasts; branching of ductal system
Secreted by AP; promotes milk secretion; has full effects after birth
name the hormone
prolactin
Secreted just before and after paturition; similar to milk without fat
colostrum
