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Review 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of filter only passes energy BELOW a designated upper cutoff frequency ?

A

low pass filter

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2
Q

What is 0 dB SNR?
is this a difficult listening situation?

A

signal and noise are at the same level

not great situation
most people need a couple db of signal being louder than noise

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3
Q

What is +10 dB SNR?

A

where signal is is +
good
signal is 10dB level than the interfering noise

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4
Q

What is -5 dB SNR?

A

signal is 5dB less than the noise

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5
Q

which is hardest situation to listen in? j0, +10 or -5 dB SNR

A

-5 because it is less than the noise

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6
Q

what do we set SNR in the booth?

A

speech in noise testing (both are in the same ear)

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7
Q

What type of filter only passes energy ABOVE a designated lower cutoff frequency ?

A

high band pass filter

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8
Q

what is a band pass filter

A

has high and low cut off and passing between those cut offs (passing band in the middle

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9
Q

what is band reject filter

A

has low and cut off and passing what is outside of them and rejects what is between them

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10
Q

For tonal masking which is correct? why?
High frequency tones mask low frequencies most effectively
There is no difference in masking between different frequencies
Low frequency tones mask high frequency tones most effectively

A

Low frequency tones mask high frequency tones most effectively

because high frequencies
anatomical organization (tonotopic organization) of the base with high and lows at apex makes the lows impact and infete by the travelling waves to the lows (upward spread of masking)

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11
Q

define monotic

A

one ear listening with one ear

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12
Q

define diotic

A

same signal going to both ears

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13
Q

If we play a signal from a speaker in front of the patient what is the azimuth?

A

0

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14
Q

If we play a signal from a speaker directly behind the patient what is the azimuth?

A

180

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15
Q

When you increase the frequency of a pure tone, what happens to the wavelength? why

A

it gets shorter because the frequencies get faster and complete the cycle quicker

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16
Q

If you increase the stiffness of a system, are low or high frequencies reduced more? what could be the reason

A

low frequencies are reduced and impacted more
anatomically when do we increase stiffness on purpose? muscle reflex, reduces own vocal fold vibrations reducing low and letting highs through
otosclerosis is a pathological reason

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17
Q

If you are putting sound through a medium with more mass, which frequencies are attenuate more?

A

high frequencies are attenuated more
example of putting sound through with mass? bone oscillator so it is harder to move the mass through the head because it is easier to push through air
lows get through better with vibration and highs do not
mask = harder to hear high frequencies

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18
Q

define harmonic distortion

A

Distortion products are added that are whole number multiples (intergers) of the original signal

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19
Q

define frequency distortion

A

Amplitude is reduced at certain frequencies based on the characteristics of the filter (components of the original waveform are changed)

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20
Q

define transient distortion

A

Spectral splatter- with energy spread to other frequencies

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21
Q

how does transient distortion and spectral link to OAE testing?

A

TEOAEs use a click or short transient stimuli but results are analyzed by filters in the computer (fast foya analysis ) and puts it back into frequencies
click gave us spectral splatter and
need it to get frequency information from transient emissions

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22
Q

which distortion relate to other type of OAE, DPOAE?

A

harmonic distortion
because 2f1-f2, looking at variation of ahrmonic distortion putting in two tomnes and looking at a multiple of them with the third one

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23
Q

What is considered the critical period for language development in children?

A

birth to 3 years

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24
Q

What is an example of a fluency disorder?

A

stuttering

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25
what other disorder goes with stuttering
cluttering
26
describe stuttering vs cluttering
27
What is an example of a motor speech disorder?
Stuttering is characterized by repetitions, prolongations, or blocks in speech. Cluttering is characterized by rapid and/or irregular speech
28
define diotic
same signal going to both ears
29
define dichotic
different (divergent) signal going to both ears one gets 1000 Hz tone and the other ear gets speech
30
which one is harder from processing? diotic vs dichotic
dichotic because you are getting different signals and stresses the signal because the brain tries to do binaural fusion used for central auditory processing to make testing harder with this
31
bilateral
two sides
32
binaural
listening with two ears
33
What can cause voice/resonance disorders?
polyps and vocal nodules singers, theatre, those that speak loudly pitch perfect something constricting the airway
34
advantages with binaural hearing
binaural summation - sounding like more loudness? binaural squelch binaural fusion some help us listen in noise, localization,
35
Who might be considered the first audiologist? They wrote the seminal article on testing hearing with tones in 1920 and wrote the Clinical Audiometry book in 1943.
CC bunch cordia c bunch
36
Describe the Modified Hughson-Westlake procedure. What is an adaptive psychoacoustic procedure?
when procedure changes based on the PT’s response down 10 up 5 ascending method, if they hear it we go down 10 and if they dont hear it we go up 5 etc. PT’s prior response is what dictates the direction you go - why it is an adaptive procedure
37
What is an example of a motor speech disorder?
apraxia dysarthria
38
How would you describe prelingual hearing loss and its impact on speech and language development?
develop hearing loss before they develop speech and language lost hearing before learning language so they are at a disadvantage and a poorer prognosis and longer rehabilitation process
39
How would you describe post-lingual hearing loss and its impact on speech and language development?
hearing loss occurs after they develop speech and language have a foundation and auditory memory in a child or adult
40
can post lingual affect s/l even if amplified right away from their deafness?
sometimes
41
Does unilateral hearing loss impact a child (in school, home, etc)?
localizing hearing in noise both can have an impact in the school where they have academic difficulties and they may be more prone of having to repeat a grade
42
when you speak, hear yourself, and correct yourself if needed
auditory feedback loop
43
What is typically the reading level achieved by a deaf child using hearing aids?
4th grade level
44
what can be done for unilateral cchildren in the classroom
preferential seating, place in front of the class personal remote mic technology
45
historically what has been the typical reading level of a deaf child using hearing aids in a mainstream classroom or that attends a deaf school?
4TH grade
46
what is the national average reading level
7 or 8th grade in the US
47
What is narrative sampling?
narrative lets them more naturally speak by reading a passage or an open ended question and letting them talk and taking a sample of how they did taking sample of their dialoge and ability to speak
48
What is dynamic assessment?
involves doing a task you asses, you train them how to do, reassess their potential to improve something
49
when might be narrative sampling and dynamic assessment be helpful?
to get a baseline standardized tsts are validated with subjects who are english speaking and their first language so this type of test may not be valid for someone who isn't these are useful
50
if you have a PT who is spanish speaking and you do not speak spanish?
get an interpreter find test in that language refer to someone who speaks the language
51
Describe: Place of articulation Voicing Manner of articulation
where it constricts in the vocal tract where were articulators at to make the sound? labial, dental, palatal, velar, glottal if vf vibrate or not voiced or voiceless how the sound is made, how it is flowing fricative, affricate, nasal, glide, stop
52
Describe: Broca’s aphasia Vs Wernicke’s aphasia
frontal lobe damage temporal lobe damage these affect how the sounds are made but not motor it is a neurological disorder because it is the brain pathway that is damage for these
53
semantics
meaning
54
pragmatics
context, organization
55
syntax
arrangement of words
56
What is Osteopathic Medicine?
An osteopathic physician (DO) is a doctor with full medical privileges that can utilize all forms of standard medical and surgical treatments, as well as osteopathic manipulation and alternative medicine.
57
Osteopathic Philosophy 4 Fundamental Principles
The human body is a dynamic unit of function of mind, body, and spirit. The body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms which are self healing in nature. Structure and function are interrelated at all levels. Rational treatment is based on these principles.
58
Rational treatment is based on an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation, and the interrelationship between structure and function… NOT JUST TREATING SYMPTOMS.
true
59
What is the purpose of professional liability insurance?
to protect you if you get sued covermistakes that occur during the course of employment. cover any contingency
60
what is tort law
civil law about causing damage to a person or property civil wrong against a person or property may result in action for damages civil wrong, other than a breach of contract, committed against a person or property for which a court provides a remedy in the form of an action for damages.
61
what are the objectives of tort law
Preservation of peace – Culpability (find fault for wrongdoing) – Deterrence (discourage wrong doer from committing future torts) – Compensation (indemnify the injured person of wrongdoing)
62
what is negligence
A tort, a civil or personal wrong * The unintentional commission or omission of an act that a reasonably prudent person would or would not perform under given circumstances
63
negligence or carelessness of a professional person
malpractice
64
the reckless disregard for the safety of another (Posner, 2013)
criminal negligence
65
for malpractice cases they must prove
duty breach damages causation
66
When do you provide a patient with a notice of privacy practices?
first visit, annually after to remind them explains your policies and their rights
67
What is the purpose of an informed consent document and when would you use it?
making sure they are ok with being a subject with the things you are doing some do it up front for everything or individually depending on the task
68
What are some state licensure requirements?
always need a license degree in audiology: doctoral clinical practice experience most states: background check or havent lost licenses or have had sues pay the fees
69
conflict of interest
selling an overpriced hearing aid htat PT doesn’t need or can pay for so we benefit for it manufacturers give perks: if you sell x amount we will give you a trip to x something that has an award to it; quid pro quo we do not create instances where we are in a COI
70
Purpose of codes of Ethics
set standards and actions that are acceptable within our profession
71
Where are guidelines for audiology?
as profession, we need to be gatekeepers and self regulate other peers and professionals who do we want to mandate what is best for audiology? audiologist and if we do not self regulate ourselves someone else will
72
legal obligatin to care
duty
73
failing to comply with standard of care required
breach
74
without harm or injury there is no liability
injury
75
reasonable, close and causal connection bw the defendant's negligent conduct and the resulting damages
causation
76
results in 4 non-identical haploid daughter cells (chromosome recombin
meosis
77
forms gametes
meosis
78
what are gametes
egg and sperm cells germ cells
79
creates haploid chromosomes
meosis
80
results in 2 identical daughter cells -DNA replicated and equally spilt in
mitosis
81
Diploid chromosomes
mitosis
82
how many chromosomes are in haploid
half only 23
83
how many chromosomes are in diploid
23 pairs 46 total
84
peanut ear small lower jaw fish mouth branchial arch disorder
treacher collins
85
What influences the frequency of the fundamental frequency? What influences the frequency of the first formant? What influences the frequency of the second formant?
The fundamental frequency is influenced by the rate at which the vocal folds vibrate. Fast vibration is a higher pitch and slow vibration is a lower pitch. The first formant is influenced by the tongue height. A high tonuge height creates a lower frequency and a low tongue height creates a high frequency. The second formant is influenced by the tongue advancement. The tongue in the front of the mouth creates a high frequency and the tongue in the back of the mouth creates a low frequency.
86
What type of cue is Voice Onset Time?
temporal
87
the space between the vocal folds
glottis
88
Describe the process of phonation. Additionally, explain the position of the vocal folds when a person takes a breath in the middle of talking
Phonation is the vocal fold vibration. 1. vocal folds are adducted 2. air pressure from the lungs forces the vocal folds to be forced apart, or abducted 3. the bernoiully affect causes them to come back together 4. this process continues until the brain tells the articulators to stop When a person breathes while talking, the vocal folds are abducted, or apart.
89
The source-filter theory of speech production includes a power, a source, and a filter.
The source-filter theory of speech production is the compartmentilization of sounds where the source is the vocal folds, the power is the lungs and the filter is the vocal tract.
90
What would the output of the vocal folds sound like if you could hear it in the absence of the vocal tract?
buzz
91
If you recorded yourself speaking softly and speaking loudly, these differences would be noticeable on which of the following? Select all that apply. (Hint: These differences will be noticeable on any graph that indicates amplitude.)
spectrogram spectrum waveform
92
voicing cues
lf
93
manner cues
mid frequency
94
place cues
high frequency
95
Consider the long-term average characteristics of speech, or the long-term average speech spectrum (LTASS). In what frequency range is sound energy the weakest for average conversational speech? Describe how the frequency regions where sound energy is the greatest change when going from average speech to shouted speech.
In the LTASS, the high frequencies have less sound energy during average conversational speech. This is why individuals with high frequency hearing loss have a hard time understanding. Since it already has low energy, having the hearing loss makes it even harder for them to understand the speech signal that is being presented to them. Going from average to shouted speech, the energy shifts from the low frequencies to the higher frequencies, around 1,000 Hz.
96
The SII is accurate at predicting some things but has its limits.
Can predict accuracy on a speech recognition task (NU-6 word list) in quiet
97
All frequency bands are equally important for speech understanding.
false
98
The entire speech signal must be audible to a listener for them to achieve high levels (90% or better) of accuracy on a speech recognition task in quiet.
falase
99
With regards to suprasegmental aspects of speech, select all that apply: are perceived as variations and contrasts in pitch, loudness, and duration can be important for recognition of vocal emotion tend to be high frequency cues are also referred to as prosody or prosodic features in the literature
are perceived as variations and contrasts in pitch, loudness, and duration can be important for recognition of vocal emotion are also referred to as prosody or prosodic features in the literature
100
can indicate whether a question has been asked
intonation (pitch changes)
101
can indicate whether a word is a noun or a verb
stress
102
identifies word boundaries (example "I scream" vs. "ice cream")
juncture
103
The speech sounds /b/ and /m/ differ in which aspect of speech production?
manner
104
slow changes in amplitude; the "outline" of the waveform
temporal envelope
105
rapid changes in amplitude
temporal fine structure

First Year Comps (9 decks)

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