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First Year Comps > Review 2 > Flashcards

Review 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of filter only passes energy BELOW a designated upper cutoff frequency ?

A

low pass filter

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2
Q

What is 0 dB SNR?
is this a difficult listening situation?

A

signal and noise are at the same level

not great situation
most people need a couple db of signal being louder than noise

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3
Q

What is +10 dB SNR?

A

where signal is is +
good
signal is 10dB level than the interfering noise

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4
Q

What is -5 dB SNR?

A

signal is 5dB less than the noise

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5
Q

which is hardest situation to listen in? j0, +10 or -5 dB SNR

A

-5 because it is less than the noise

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6
Q

what do we set SNR in the booth?

A

speech in noise testing (both are in the same ear)

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7
Q

What type of filter only passes energy ABOVE a designated lower cutoff frequency ?

A

high band pass filter

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8
Q

what is a band pass filter

A

has high and low cut off and passing between those cut offs (passing band in the middle

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9
Q

what is band reject filter

A

has low and cut off and passing what is outside of them and rejects what is between them

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10
Q

For tonal masking which is correct? why?
High frequency tones mask low frequencies most effectively
There is no difference in masking between different frequencies
Low frequency tones mask high frequency tones most effectively

A

Low frequency tones mask high frequency tones most effectively

because high frequencies
anatomical organization (tonotopic organization) of the base with high and lows at apex makes the lows impact and infete by the travelling waves to the lows (upward spread of masking)

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11
Q

define monotic

A

one ear listening with one ear

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12
Q

define diotic

A

same signal going to both ears

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13
Q

If we play a signal from a speaker in front of the patient what is the azimuth?

A

0

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14
Q

If we play a signal from a speaker directly behind the patient what is the azimuth?

A

180

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15
Q

When you increase the frequency of a pure tone, what happens to the wavelength? why

A

it gets shorter because the frequencies get faster and complete the cycle quicker

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16
Q

If you increase the stiffness of a system, are low or high frequencies reduced more? what could be the reason

A

low frequencies are reduced and impacted more
anatomically when do we increase stiffness on purpose? muscle reflex, reduces own vocal fold vibrations reducing low and letting highs through
otosclerosis is a pathological reason

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17
Q

If you are putting sound through a medium with more mass, which frequencies are attenuate more?

A

high frequencies are attenuated more
example of putting sound through with mass? bone oscillator so it is harder to move the mass through the head because it is easier to push through air
lows get through better with vibration and highs do not
mask = harder to hear high frequencies

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18
Q

define harmonic distortion

A

Distortion products are added that are whole number multiples (intergers) of the original signal

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19
Q

define frequency distortion

A

Amplitude is reduced at certain frequencies based on the characteristics of the filter (components of the original waveform are changed)

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20
Q

define transient distortion

A

Spectral splatter- with energy spread to other frequencies

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21
Q

how does transient distortion and spectral link to OAE testing?

A

TEOAEs use a click or short transient stimuli but results are analyzed by filters in the computer (fast foya analysis ) and puts it back into frequencies
click gave us spectral splatter and
need it to get frequency information from transient emissions

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22
Q

which distortion relate to other type of OAE, DPOAE?

A

harmonic distortion
because 2f1-f2, looking at variation of ahrmonic distortion putting in two tomnes and looking at a multiple of them with the third one

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23
Q

What is considered the critical period for language development in children?

A

birth to 3 years

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24
Q

What is an example of a fluency disorder?

A

stuttering

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25
Q

what other disorder goes with stuttering

A

cluttering

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26
Q

describe stuttering vs cluttering

A
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27
Q

What is an example of a motor speech disorder?

A

Stuttering is characterized by repetitions, prolongations, or blocks in speech. Cluttering is characterized by rapid and/or irregular speech

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28
Q

define diotic

A

same signal going to both ears

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29
Q

define dichotic

A

different (divergent) signal going to both ears
one gets 1000 Hz tone and the other ear gets speech

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30
Q

which one is harder from processing?
diotic vs dichotic

A

dichotic because you are getting different signals and stresses the signal because the brain tries to do binaural fusion
used for central auditory processing to make testing harder with this

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31
Q

bilateral

A

two sides

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32
Q

binaural

A

listening with two ears

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33
Q

What can cause voice/resonance disorders?

A

polyps and vocal nodules
singers, theatre, those that speak loudly
pitch perfect

something constricting the airway

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34
Q

advantages with binaural hearing

A

binaural summation - sounding like more loudness?
binaural squelch
binaural fusion
some help us listen in noise, localization,

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35
Q

Who might be considered the first audiologist? They wrote the seminal article on testing hearing with tones in 1920 and wrote the Clinical Audiometry book in 1943.

A

CC bunch
cordia c bunch

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36
Q

Describe the Modified Hughson-Westlake procedure.
What is an adaptive psychoacoustic procedure?

A

when procedure changes based on the PT’s response

down 10 up 5

ascending method, if they hear it we go down 10 and if they dont hear it we go up 5 etc.

PT’s prior response is what dictates the direction you go - why it is an adaptive procedure

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37
Q

What is an example of a motor speech disorder?

A

apraxia
dysarthria

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38
Q

How would you describe prelingual hearing loss and its impact on speech and language development?

A

develop hearing loss before they develop speech and language
lost hearing before learning language so they are at a disadvantage and a poorer prognosis and longer rehabilitation process

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39
Q

How would you describe post-lingual hearing loss and its impact on speech and language development?

A

hearing loss occurs after they develop speech and language
have a foundation and auditory memory in a child or adult

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40
Q

can post lingual affect s/l even if amplified right away from their deafness?

A

sometimes

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41
Q

Does unilateral hearing loss impact a child (in school, home, etc)?

A

localizing
hearing in noise

both can have an impact in the school where they have academic difficulties and they may be more prone of having to repeat a grade

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42
Q

when you speak, hear yourself, and correct yourself if needed

A

auditory feedback loop

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43
Q

What is typically the reading level achieved by a deaf child using hearing aids?

A

4th grade level

44
Q

what can be done for unilateral cchildren in the classroom

A

preferential seating, place in front of the class
personal remote mic technology

45
Q

historically what has been the typical reading level of a deaf child using hearing aids in a mainstream classroom or that attends a deaf school?

A

4TH grade

46
Q

what is the national average reading level

A

7 or 8th grade in the US

47
Q

What is narrative sampling?

A

narrative lets them more naturally speak by reading a passage or an open ended question and letting them talk and taking a sample of how they did

taking sample of their dialoge and ability to speak

48
Q

What is dynamic assessment?

A

involves doing a task you asses, you train them how to do, reassess
their potential to improve something

49
Q

when might be narrative sampling and dynamic assessment be helpful?

A

to get a baseline
standardized tsts are validated with subjects who are english speaking and their first language so this type of test may not be valid for someone who isn’t

these are useful

50
Q

if you have a PT who is spanish speaking and you do not speak spanish?

A

get an interpreter
find test in that language
refer to someone who speaks the language

51
Q

Describe:
Place of articulation
Voicing
Manner of articulation

A

where it constricts in the vocal tract
where were articulators at to make the sound?
labial, dental, palatal, velar, glottal

if vf vibrate or not
voiced or voiceless

how the sound is made, how it is flowing
fricative, affricate, nasal, glide, stop

52
Q

Describe:
Broca’s aphasia
Vs
Wernicke’s aphasia

A

frontal lobe damage

temporal lobe damage

these affect how the sounds are made but not motor it is a neurological disorder because it is the brain pathway that is damage for these

53
Q

semantics

A

meaning

54
Q

pragmatics

A

context, organization

55
Q

syntax

A

arrangement of words

56
Q

What is Osteopathic Medicine?

A

An osteopathic physician (DO) is a doctor with full medical privileges that can utilize all forms of standard medical and surgical treatments, as well as osteopathic manipulation and alternative medicine.

57
Q

Osteopathic Philosophy4 Fundamental Principles

A

The human body is a dynamic unit of function of mind, body, and spirit.
The body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms which are self healing in nature.
Structure and function are interrelated at all levels.
Rational treatment is based on these principles.

58
Q

Rational treatment is based on an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation, and the interrelationship between structure and function… NOT JUST TREATING SYMPTOMS.

A

true

59
Q

What is the purpose of professional liability insurance?

A

to protect you if you get sued

covermistakes that occur during the course of
employment.
cover any contingency

60
Q

what is tort law

A

civil law about causing damage to a person or property

civil wrong against a person or property
may result in action for damages

civil wrong, other than a breach of
contract, committed against a person or
property for which a court provides a remedy
in the form of an action for damages.

61
Q

what are the objectives of tort law

A

Preservation of peace
– Culpability (find fault for wrongdoing)
– Deterrence (discourage wrong doer from
committing future torts)
– Compensation (indemnify the injured person of
wrongdoing)

62
Q

what is negligence

A

A tort, a civil or personal wrong
* The unintentional commission or omission of
an act that a reasonably prudent person would
or would not perform under given
circumstances

63
Q

negligence or carelessness of a
professional person

A

malpractice

64
Q

the reckless disregard for
the safety of another (Posner, 2013)

A

criminal negligence

65
Q

for malpractice cases they must prove

A

duty breach damages causation

66
Q

When do you provide a patient with a notice of privacy practices?

A

first visit, annually after to remind them
explains your policies and their rights

67
Q

What is the purpose of an informed consent document and when would you use it?

A

making sure they are ok with being a subject with the things you are doing
some do it up front for everything or individually depending on the task

68
Q

What are some state licensure requirements?

A

always need a license
degree in audiology: doctoral
clinical practice experience
most states: background check or havent lost licenses or have had sues
pay the fees

69
Q

conflict of interest

A

selling an overpriced hearing aid htat PT doesn’t need or can pay for so we benefit for it

manufacturers give perks: if you sell x amount we will give you a trip to x

something that has an award to it; quid pro quo

we do not create instances where we are in a COI

70
Q

Purpose of codes of Ethics

A

set standards and actions that are acceptable within our profession

71
Q

Where are guidelines for audiology?

A

as profession, we need to be gatekeepers and self regulate other peers and professionals
who do we want to mandate what is best for audiology? audiologist and if we do not self regulate ourselves someone else will

72
Q

legal obligatin to care

A

duty

73
Q

failing to comply with standard of care required

A

breach

74
Q

without harm or injury there is no liability

A

injury

75
Q

reasonable, close and causal connection bw the defendant’s negligent conduct and the resulting damages

A

causation

76
Q

results in 4 non-identical haploid daughter cells (chromosome recombin

A

meosis

77
Q

forms gametes

A

meosis

78
Q

what are gametes

A

egg and sperm cells
germ cells

79
Q

creates haploid chromosomes

A

meosis

80
Q

results in 2 identical daughter cells
-DNA replicated and equally spilt in

A

mitosis

81
Q

Diploid chromosomes

A

mitosis

82
Q

how many chromosomes are in haploid

A

half
only 23

83
Q

how many chromosomes are in diploid

A

23 pairs
46 total

84
Q

peanut ear
small lower jaw
fish mouth
branchial arch disorder

A

treacher collins

85
Q

What influences the frequency of the fundamental frequency? What influences the frequency of the first formant? What influences the frequency of the second formant?

A

The fundamental frequency is influenced by the rate at which the vocal folds vibrate. Fast vibration is a higher pitch and slow vibration is a lower pitch.
The first formant is influenced by the tongue height. A high tonuge height creates a lower frequency and a low tongue height creates a high frequency.
The second formant is influenced by the tongue advancement. The tongue in the front of the mouth creates a high frequency and the tongue in the back of the mouth creates a low frequency.

86
Q

What type of cue is Voice Onset Time?

A

temporal

87
Q

the space between the vocal folds

A

glottis

88
Q

Describe the process of phonation. Additionally, explain the position of the vocal folds when a person takes a breath in the middle of talking

A

Phonation is the vocal fold vibration.

  1. vocal folds are adducted
  2. air pressure from the lungs forces the vocal folds to be forced apart, or abducted
  3. the bernoiully affect causes them to come back together
  4. this process continues until the brain tells the articulators to stop

When a person breathes while talking, the vocal folds are abducted, or apart.

89
Q

The source-filter theory of speech production includes a power, a source, and a filter.

A

The source-filter theory of speech production is the compartmentilization of sounds where the source is the vocal folds, the power is the lungs and the filter is the vocal tract.

90
Q

What would the output of the vocal folds sound like if you could hear it in the absence of the vocal tract?

A

buzz

91
Q

If you recorded yourself speaking softly and speaking loudly, these differences would be noticeable on which of the following? Select all that apply. (Hint: These differences will be noticeable on any graph that indicates amplitude.)

A

spectrogram
spectrum
waveform

92
Q

voicing cues

A

lf

93
Q

manner cues

A

mid frequency

94
Q

place cues

A

high frequency

95
Q

Consider the long-term average characteristics of speech, or the long-term average speech spectrum (LTASS). In what frequency range is sound energy the weakest for average conversational speech? Describe how the frequency regions where sound energy is the greatest change when going from average speech to shouted speech.

A

In the LTASS, the high frequencies have less sound energy during average conversational speech. This is why individuals with high frequency hearing loss have a hard time understanding. Since it already has low energy, having the hearing loss makes it even harder for them to understand the speech signal that is being presented to them. Going from average to shouted speech, the energy shifts from the low frequencies to the higher frequencies, around 1,000 Hz.

96
Q

The SII is accurate at predicting some things but has its limits.

A

Can predict accuracy on a speech recognition task (NU-6 word list) in quiet

97
Q

All frequency bands are equally important for speech understanding.

A

false

98
Q

The entire speech signal must be audible to a listener for them to achieve high levels (90% or better) of accuracy on a speech recognition task in quiet.

A

falase

99
Q

With regards to suprasegmental aspects of speech, select all that apply:

are perceived as variations and contrasts in pitch, loudness, and duration

can be important for recognition of vocal emotion

tend to be high frequency cues

are also referred to as prosody or prosodic features in the literature

A

are perceived as variations and contrasts in pitch, loudness, and duration

can be important for recognition of vocal emotion

are also referred to as prosody or prosodic features in the literature

100
Q

can indicate whether a question has been asked

A

intonation (pitch changes)

101
Q

can indicate whether a word is a noun or a verb

A

stress

102
Q

identifies word boundaries (example “I scream” vs. “ice cream”)

A

juncture

103
Q

The speech sounds /b/ and /m/ differ in which aspect of speech production?

A

manner

104
Q

slow changes in amplitude; the “outline” of the waveform

A

temporal envelope

105
Q

rapid changes in amplitude

A

temporal fine structure

First Year Comps (9 decks)

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