Aud Science (5140) Flashcards
1
Q
power
A
derivef
2
Q
mass
A
basic
3
Q
time
A
basic
4
Q
force
A
derived
5
Q
length
A
basic
6
Q
pressure
A
derived
7
Q
What differentiates a vector quantity from a scalar quantity?
Both have magnitude, and a vector quantity also has [blank]
A
direction
8
Q
refers to the amount of change from the equilibrium position
A
amplitudef
9
Q
refers to a point within the cycle of simple harmonic motion
A
phase
10
Q
the number of full cycles of simple harmonic motion within a period of time
A
frequency
11
Q
Regarding sound transmission through air, select all of the statements below that are accurate.
Sound can be described as a disturbance or vibrations of the molecules of an elastic medium.
The air molecules that are in a sound wave’s path move in simple harmonic motion.
Attenuation refers to the reinforcement of air molecules displaced over time.
If you could see a sound wave, you would see changes in air molecule density that emanate from the source and follow a path that is parallel to the floor.
Sound propagation causes regions of relatively high and relatively low pressure that alternate over time.
A
Sound can be described as a disturbance or vibrations of the molecules of an elastic medium.
The air molecules that are in a sound wave’s path move in simple harmonic motion.
Sound propagation causes regions of relatively high and relatively low pressure that alternate over time.
12
Q
Combine two tones of the same frequency, that have the same amplitude and starting phase
A
The resulting tone will have double the amplitude, period stays the same
13
Q
Combine two tones of the same frequency, that have the same amplitude, and are 180 degrees out of phase
A
The two tones cancel each other out
14
Q
Combine two tones of the same frequency, that differ in starting phase by something other than 0 degrees or 180 degrees
A
The resulting tone will have areas of relatively increased and decreased amplitude throughout the cycle, period stays the same
15
Q
what is fundamental frequnency (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 275, 200)
A
25
16
Q
Calculate dB IL for a sound intensity of 10-10 watt/m2
Enter the number only.
A
20
17
Q
Calculate dB SPL for a sound pressure of 200 micropascals.
Enter the number only
A
20
18
Q
Going from 0 dB SPL to 20 dB SPL represents what amount of increase in pressure?
A
Ten times the pressure (ten-fold increase)
19
Q
A constant-percentage bandwidth filter is what type of filter?
A
band pass filter
20
Q
The attenuation rate or the rejection rate refers to what?
A
The amount of change in dB per octave
21
Q
Each point along the basilar membrane has a best or characteristic frequency, where the response is optimal to sounds of a specific frequency.
The response (output) of a healthy basilar membrane at the characteristic frequency to varying levels of sound input is
A
nonlinear/compressive
22
Q
With regards to human hearing, the term dynamic range refers to:
A
The range between the least audible sound and the highest tolerable sound
23
Q
dynamic range of typical hearing thresholds
A
100
95
24
Q
the least amount of amplitude of a stimulus detected
A
absolute threshold
25
the least amount of noticeable change along a single dimension
difference threshold
26
Stimuli are presented in random order, with multiple trials per level.
Method of Constant Stimuli
27
The patient or study participant has control over the stimulus level.
Method of Adjustment
28
Threshold is estimated using a series of ascending and descending runs with pre-determined starting levels.
Method of Limits
29
What makes a psychoacoustic procedure adaptive?
Each successive presentation level is determined based on the patient/subject response
30
Test assesses the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli that vary in sound pressure.
differential sensitivity
31
Test assesses the least amount of sound pressure level at which a subject responds 50% of the time.
absolute sensitivity
32
If we wanted to understand how much to increase a sound level for it to be perceived as double the original sound, what method would we chose?
A direct scaling procedure
33
convert 60 dB HL to SPL at 2000 Hz using TDH 49/50 headphones.
71
34
Your patient's threshold is 25 dB HL. You present a tone at 65 dB HL at the same frequency. At what level in dB SL did you present the tone? Enter the number only.
40
35
A phon is a measure of
loudness
36
The reference for a phon is
1000 Hz
37
Pitch is perceived based on maximum excitation along the basilar membrane.
place model
38
Bundles of auditory nerve fibers fire at the compression phase of a signal, giving the brain a cue for the period of the signal.
temporal model
39
Based on spectral representation of the stimulus (information contained in the spectrum).
f
Place Model
40
Based on the waveform of the stimulus.
temoral model
41
The duration of a signal can (but may not always) affect which of the following in terms of perception?
bandwidth of the stimulus
perception of tonality
absolute threshold
loudness perception
perception of tonality
absolute threshold
loudness perception
42
loudness
perceptual
43
intensity or sound pressure level
physical
44
frequency
physical
45
pitch
perceptual
46
phase
physical
47
duration
both physical and perceptual
48
The jnd for frequency (also referred to as dlf) at 1,000 Hz is approximately 5 Hz. The jnd for frequency at 10,000 Hz is approximately 50 Hz. This is an example of
Weber's law
49
Frequency selectivity refers to the auditory system's ability to
detect one sound in the presence of another, different sound
50
Pitch is perceived based on maximum excitation along the basilar membrane.
place model
51
Bundles of auditory nerve fibers fire at the compression phase of a signal, giving the brain a cue for the period of the signal.
temporal model
52
Based on spectral representation of the stimulus (information contained in the spectrum
place model
53
Based on the waveform of the stimulus.
remporal model
54
low frequency cue
itd
55
high frequency cue
ild
56
arises due to the head shadow effect
ild
57
sound arrives at each ear at a different point in the cycle (different phase)
itd
58
transient distortion
spectral splatter
59
Distortion products are added, which are harmonics of the original signal
Harmonic distortion
60
Amplitude is reduced at certain frequencies based on the characteristics of the filter
Frequency distortion
61
What is the "cocktail party effect?
ability to attend to a target in the presence of competing noise
62
the auditory system takes advantage of the fact that one ear has a more favorable SNR
better ear effect
63
the auditory system takes advantage of information received from both ears, with different SNRs
binaural squelch
64
signal threshold is improved when tones to each ear are out of phase
the masking level difference
65
"copies" of sounds in a reverberant room do not interfere with hearing because of this
echo suppression
66
guitar string after being plucked
free vibration
67
tuning fork after being hit with a soft mallet
free vibration
68
ossicles vibrating because of music
forced vibration
69
table vibrates when the stem of a vibrating tuning fork is placed on it
forced vibrarion
70
average dB SPL of a stimulus
RMS amplitude
71
measure to avoid spectral splatter
5 ms ramped rise time/fall time
72
input level exceeds maximum output level
harmonic distortion
73
input level exceeds maximum output level
intermodulation distortion
74
proportionate change in input and output
linear system
75
disproportionate change in input and output
nonlinear system
76
signal and masker are presented to opposite ears; the masker in the opposite ear increases the threshold of the signal
central masking
77
monaural masking; target signal and masker are presented simultaneously
psychoacoustic masking
78
the masker is presented either before or after the signal or target
temporal masking
79
this masking takes place in the cochlea
psychoacoustic masking
80
this masking takes place in the binaural auditory neural pathway
central masking
81
the precise mechanism of this type of masking is unknown but it is presumed to be neural and not cochlear
temporal masking
82
Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
You are carrying on a conversation with a friend next to a noisy piece of equipment. Your friend's voice (RMS amplitude) is 65 dB SPL as it reaches your ears. The level of the noise coming from the equipment is 60 dB SPL as it reaches your ears. What is the SNR?
+5 dB
83
Select each of the options below that provide better hearing in noise.
spatial separation of target signal and noise
binaural squelch
head-related transfer function (HRTF)
better ear advantage
spatial separation of target signal and noise
binaural squelch
better ear advantage
84
What would happen to the resonant frequency of a tube if the length of the tube were increased?
The resonant frequency would decrease
85
The sound will scatter around the barrier and fill in behind it
he barrier is small relative to the wavelength
86
There wll be an acoustic shadow on the other side of the barrier
The barrier is large relative to the wavelength
87
The sound will pass through the opening and scatter as if new sound source
The opening is small relative to the wavelength
88
The sound will pass through the opening unchanged
The opening is large relative to the wavelength
89
If the intensity of a sound 10 meters from the source is 36 watts/m2, what is the intensity 20 meters from the sound source in watts/m2? (Assuming no reverberations or other changes in sound intensity.)
9
90
If the level of a sound 25 meters from a sound source is 40 dB SPL, what is the level 50 meters from the sound source?
34 dB SPL
91
Describes the flow of sound energy
Acoustic immittance
92
Component of impedance; opposes high frequency vibration
Mass reactance
93
Ease of sound flow
Admittance
94
Component of impedance; frequency-independent
Resistance
95
Opposition to sound flow
Impedance
96
Component of impedance; opposes low frequency vibration
Stiffness reactance
97
Part of the far field; contains reverberations; inverse square law does not apply
Diffuse field
98
Sound is circulating around the source and the inverse square law does not apply
near field
99
Begins one wavelength from the sound source
far field
100
Inverse square law applies here
free field
101
describe the process of simple harmonic motion.
The object is at rest or equilibrium (center)
Force is applied, which sets the object into motion.
The object moves to a point of maximum displacement.
The object returns back to equilibrium (center) and keeps moving past that point, to a point of maximum displacement in the opposite direction.
The object returns once again to the center point (equilibrium) and moves towards a point of maximum displacement in the opposite direction. This process continues indefinitely (in theory) or until damping has occurred
102
In order to vibrate, an object must have what properties?
mass and elasticity
103
It is difficult to make things with relatively high [blank] move slowly
stiffness
104
It is difficult to make things with relatively high [blank] move quickly
mass
105
What happens when you combine pure tones of the same frequency and amplitude when they are 180o out of phase?
The two waveforms cancel each other out
106
A 10-fold increase of sound pressure level is an increase of how many dB SPL?
20 db
107
What percent or probability of a response is used for the clinical definition of threshold?
50%
108
With this type of psychoacoustic procedure, each subsequent presentation level depends on the subject's or patient's response
Adaptive procedure
109
Perception of loudness (how a person perceives the loudness of a sound) can depend on
Duration of the signal
Frequency of the signal
Bandwidth of the signal
110
How does presentation duration affect absolute threshold?
If the presentation time is less than 200 msec, threshold will be too high.
111
Pitch perception is affected by the presentation level.
true
112
Which definition best describes frequency selectivity?
The ability to differentiate between two sounds of the same frequency.
The ability to differentiate between two sounds of the same intensity.
The ability to hear multiple components of a complex sound.
The ability to increase threshold in the presence of a masker.
The ability to differentiate between two sounds of the same frequency.
????
113
Rate of vibration will increase
Increase stiffness
114
Rate of vibration will decrease
Increase mass
115
explain the difference between a basic and a derived quantity. What are the basic quantities?
A basic quantitiy cannot be simplified any more.
Examples of basic quantities are:
time
length
mass
A derived quantity can be a combination and are able to be simplified. Derived quantities are things like displacement.
116
explain the difference between a scalar and a vector quantity. Why is this important?
A scalar quantity requires simple addition and subtraction and a vector quantity requires vector analysis. This is important because we need to know which ones we can easily do and which ones we need more steps and equations in order to complete.
117
describe simple harmonic motion, starting and ending with equilibrium, and the forces and physical properties involved.
Object is at rest (equilibrium)
Object is set in motion by a force
It is displaced to a max displacement
It then returns back to equilibrium due to restoring force of elasticity
It is displaced again to a max displacement in the opposite direction (due to inertial forces)
The object returns back to equilibrium because of restoring forces of elasticity
This motion continues indefinitely until damping (friction) causes it to stop
118
Once a sound source has been generated, describe how sound energy travels from the source through air. Include what happens to sound over time in a natural sound environment.
Sound source is at rest (equilibrium)
Sound source is set into motion
this motion causes the air molecules next to it to begin vibrating
Those first set of air molecules then cause the next set of molecules beside them to begin to vibrate
This area where there is an increase in air pressure is called condensation
Each individual air molecule is moving in SHM in their own axis
The first set of air molecules then return back to their equilibrium and this area of low pressure is called rarefaction
Damping, due to friction, occurs over time in a natural sound environment causing this motion to stop.
119
has a tonal quality
periodic
120
comprised of frequencies that have no particular mathematical relationship to each other
aperiodic
121
is comprised of harmonics
periodic
122
a single pure tone
periodic
123
If a sound has a sound pressure level of 0 dB SPL, what is the pressure of that sound in micropascals?
20
124
Force per unit area; measured at a particular location away from the source
Pressure
125
Work per unit time; property of the sound source
Power
126
Power per unit area; describes the flow of the sound
Intensity
127
What does the term rms amplitude refer to?
avg amp
128
If a waveform has a period of .004 seconds, what is the frequency in Herz?
250
129
magine that you are reading a research paper with your clinical preceptor and the sound descriptions are all in dB IL (dB intensity level). Your clinic preceptor asks you which type of dB is greater, dB IL or dB SPL. How you do answer?
dB IL and dB SPL are equal to each other
130
What is the log of 100?
2
131
According to our current understanding of measuring perceptual sensitivity, a subject or patient would never respond to a stimulus presented below their measured threshold of sensitivity for that sound.
false
132
What is dB level of a 2000 Hz tone perceived as having a loudness of 100 phons
95
133
Using the same set of phon curves as in the previous question, what is the loudness in phons of a 70 dB SPL tone at 300 Hz
74
134
With regards to Signal Detection Theory, someone with a liberal criterion will present with thresholds that are relatively better or relatively poorer? (which one?)
relatively better thresholds
135
For listeners with typical hearing, a doubling of loudness is approximately equivalent to an increase of how many dB?
10
136
JND: 1 dB or better, depending on presentation level
intensity
137
JND: approximately 0.5% of the frequency
frequency
138
JND: duration
as short as 2-3 msec
139
Why would the jnd for frequency be different at 2,000 Hz than it is at 1,000 Hz?
The JND is the smallest detectible change between two stimuli. For typical human hearing thresholds, the loudness perception is not the same or equal at all of the frequencies and our most sensitive frequency range is 1,000-5,000 Hz. Our JND would therefore be different at 2,000 Hz compared to 1,000 Hz because it is in the most sensitive frequency range and we would notice a larger difference at the larger frequency being 2,000 Hz.
Weber's Law = size of JND is constant proportion to the original stimuli
The jnd at 2,000 would be different because it would be greater and more detectible than it would be at 1,000 Hz.
140
List four factors that affect threshold estimation.
Attention level
Motivation
Understanding of the directions
Effects of habituation
141
What are the five parameters for measuring thresholds behaviorally? In other words, what are the five things that you need to decide on ahead of time when measuring a threshold of some kind?
Method Presentation
Starting level
Step size
Stopping rule
How we define or calculate threshold
142
Loudness is the perceptual correlate of intensity.
True or false: loudness perception is dependent upon the frequency of the stimulus
true
143
There is no particular relationship implied with 10 of this unit and 5 of this unit
Phon scale
144
10 of this unit would be double the loudness of 5 of this unit
Sone scale
145
If we wanted to understand how much to increase a sound level for it to be perceived as double the original sound, what method would we chose?
direct scaling
146
The cochlea is nonlinear, meaning that the amount of gain differs based on input level. Is more gain applied at low-level inputs, mid-level inputs, or high-level inputs?
lowe level
147
True or false: 30 dB SPL is a doubling of the pressure from 15 dB SPL.
false
148
For listeners with normal hearing, a doubling of loudness is approximately equivalent to an increase of how many dB?
10
149
The human auditory system is equally sensitive at all frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.
falase
150
The frequency range where the auditory system is the most sensitive is
1,000-5,000 Hz
151
When we test hearing, we test at a selection of discrete frequencies. When we plot the test results, we make assumptions about the hearing thresholds for the frequencies that we do not test.
For example, if the hearing threshold at 1,000 Hz is 10 dB HL and the hearing threshold at 2,000 Hz is also 10 dB HL, we assume the hearing thresholds for the frequencies between 1,000 - 2,000 Hz (1,200 Hz, for example, which we do not test) is also 10 dB HL.
Is this a correct assumption? (In other words, are we correct to assume this for each of the frequencies?) (True = Yes; False = No)
false
152
What are the three (“big three") dimensions of sound used to describe the physical characteristics of a sound?
amplitude, duration and frequency.
153
amplitude, duration and frequency.
Loudness is the perceptual correlate of intensity (amplitude). Pitch is the perceptual correlate of frequency. Duration is both the perceptual and physical characteristic.
154
What are two characteristics that must be present for something to vibrate?
To vibrate, a body must have:
Mass: a quantity of matter is present
Elasticity: the property that enables recovery from distortion to either shape or volume (some argue that elasticity is more accurately defined as the ability to resist changes in shape or volume)
155
the brain receives information from both ears yet the stimulus is perceived as a single auditory image
binaural fusion
156
performance is better on a perceptual task when stimuli are presented binaurally vs. monaurally
binaural summation
157
average dB SPL of a stimulus
RMS amplitude
158
measure to avoid spectral splatter
20 ms ramped rise time/fall time
159
input level exceeds maximum output level
harmonic distortion
160
a standard is being reference
ANSI
161
Rejection rate or attenuation rate
slope of the filter
162
value for converting dB SPL to dB HL
RETSPL
163
If you increased the stiffness of the middle ear system, would the result be a low frequency hearing loss or a high frequency hearing loss?
lf
164
If a sound is located at 1800 azimuth, where is the location of the sound?
behind the head
165
What does it mean when we say the cochlea is modeled as a bank of overlapping filters?
Each place along the basilar membrane will respond at very low levels to a "best frequency" but will respond to other frequency inputs at higher levels,
166
the SNR at one ear is more favorable than at the other ear
better ear effect
167
the auditory system takes advantage of information received from both ears, with different SNRs
binaural squelch
168
signal threshold is improved when tones to each ear are out of phase
the masking level difference
169
"copies" of sounds in a reverberant room do not interfere with hearing because of this
echo suppression
170
the signal delivered to each ear is exactly the same in all aspects
diotic
171
the signal delivered to each ear differs in one or more dimensions
dichotic
172
The duration of a signal can (but may not always) affect which of the following in terms of perception? Select all that apply.
loudness perception
bandwidth of the stimulus
absolute threshold
loudness perception absolute threshold
173
If a sound is located at 900 elevation, where is the location of the sound?
at the top of the head
174
describes the ease with which energy flows
Admittance
175
describes the opposition to energy flow
Impedance
176
general term describing the flow of energy
Immittance
177
The patient or study participant has control over the stimulus level.
Method of Adjustment
178
The patient or study participant is asked to give a rating for each stimulus.
Direct Scaling
179
Threshold is estimated using a series of ascending and descending runs with pre-determined starting levels.
Method of Limits
180
Stimuli are presented in random order, with multiple trials per level
Method of Constant Stimuli
181
If your patient has a reduced dynamic range, what is their likely hearing loss, conductive hearing loss or cochlear hearing loss?
cochlear
182
the angle of the incident wave is the same as the reflected wave, in the opposite direction (the two are perpindicular)
plane surface (such as a wall)
183
reflected sound waves are focused
concave surface
184
reflected sound waves are scattered
convex surface
185
narrowly tuned system
has low levels of resistance
186
broadly tuned system
has high levels of resistance
187
makes a good transducer of sound
broadly tuned system
188
relatively small bandwidth
narrowly tuned system
189
relatively large bandwidth
broadly tuned system
190
localize high frequency sounds in the horizontal plane
ild
191
localize broad band signals in the vertical plane
spectrum of sound based on head-related-transfer function (HRTF)
192
localize low frequency sounds in the horizontal plane
ITD
193
f you increase the length of a tube, what happens to the resonant frequency of the tube?
becomes lowr
194
Increase in threshold/threshold (larger number) shift in presence of another sound
masking
195
Sound is perceived as softer but still audible (doesn’t change the threshold)
masking
196
Sound is perceived as softer but still audible (doesn’t change the threshold)
partial masking
197
sound increasing threshold of other sound
masker
198
Sound that is being masked
test signal
199
The amount in dB of the threshold shift
amount of masking
200
low frequency sounds mask high frequency sounds
upward spread of masking
201
A doubling of frequency results in a doubling of pitch perception
false
202
pitch perception is affected by intensity changes
true
