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First Year Comps > Aud Science (5140) > Flashcards

Aud Science (5140) Flashcards

1
Q

power

A

derivef

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2
Q

mass

A

basic

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3
Q

time

A

basic

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4
Q

force

A

derived

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5
Q

length

A

basic

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6
Q

pressure

A

derived

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7
Q

What differentiates a vector quantity from a scalar quantity?

Both have magnitude, and a vector quantity also has [blank]

A

direction

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8
Q

refers to the amount of change from the equilibrium position

A

amplitudef

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9
Q

refers to a point within the cycle of simple harmonic motion

A

phase

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10
Q

the number of full cycles of simple harmonic motion within a period of time

A

frequency

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11
Q

Regarding sound transmission through air, select all of the statements below that are accurate.

Sound can be described as a disturbance or vibrations of the molecules of an elastic medium.

The air molecules that are in a sound wave’s path move in simple harmonic motion.
Attenuation refers to the reinforcement of air molecules displaced over time.

If you could see a sound wave, you would see changes in air molecule density that emanate from the source and follow a path that is parallel to the floor.

Sound propagation causes regions of relatively high and relatively low pressure that alternate over time.

A

Sound can be described as a disturbance or vibrations of the molecules of an elastic medium.

The air molecules that are in a sound wave’s path move in simple harmonic motion.

Sound propagation causes regions of relatively high and relatively low pressure that alternate over time.

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12
Q

Combine two tones of the same frequency, that have the same amplitude and starting phase

A

The resulting tone will have double the amplitude, period stays the same

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13
Q

Combine two tones of the same frequency, that have the same amplitude, and are 180 degrees out of phase

A

The two tones cancel each other out

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14
Q

Combine two tones of the same frequency, that differ in starting phase by something other than 0 degrees or 180 degrees

A

The resulting tone will have areas of relatively increased and decreased amplitude throughout the cycle, period stays the same

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15
Q

what is fundamental frequnency (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 275, 200)

A

25

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16
Q

Calculate dB IL for a sound intensity of 10-10 watt/m2

Enter the number only.

A

20

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17
Q

Calculate dB SPL for a sound pressure of 200 micropascals.

Enter the number only

A

20

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18
Q

Going from 0 dB SPL to 20 dB SPL represents what amount of increase in pressure?

A

Ten times the pressure (ten-fold increase)

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19
Q

A constant-percentage bandwidth filter is what type of filter?

A

band pass filter

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20
Q

The attenuation rate or the rejection rate refers to what?

A

The amount of change in dB per octave

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21
Q

Each point along the basilar membrane has a best or characteristic frequency, where the response is optimal to sounds of a specific frequency.

The response (output) of a healthy basilar membrane at the characteristic frequency to varying levels of sound input is

A

nonlinear/compressive

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22
Q

With regards to human hearing, the term dynamic range refers to:

A

The range between the least audible sound and the highest tolerable sound

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23
Q

dynamic range of typical hearing thresholds

A

100
95

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24
Q

the least amount of amplitude of a stimulus detected

A

absolute threshold

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25
Q

the least amount of noticeable change along a single dimension

A

difference threshold

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26
Q

Stimuli are presented in random order, with multiple trials per level.

A

Method of Constant Stimuli

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27
Q

The patient or study participant has control over the stimulus level.

A

Method of Adjustment

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28
Q

Threshold is estimated using a series of ascending and descending runs with pre-determined starting levels.

A

Method of Limits

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29
Q

What makes a psychoacoustic procedure adaptive?

A

Each successive presentation level is determined based on the patient/subject response

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30
Q

Test assesses the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli that vary in sound pressure.

A

differential sensitivity

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31
Q

Test assesses the least amount of sound pressure level at which a subject responds 50% of the time.

A

absolute sensitivity

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32
Q

If we wanted to understand how much to increase a sound level for it to be perceived as double the original sound, what method would we chose?

A

A direct scaling procedure

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33
Q

convert 60 dB HL to SPL at 2000 Hz using TDH 49/50 headphones.

A

71

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34
Q

Your patient’s threshold is 25 dB HL. You present a tone at 65 dB HL at the same frequency. At what level in dB SL did you present the tone? Enter the number only.

A

40

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35
Q

A phon is a measure of

A

loudness

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36
Q

The reference for a phon is

A

1000 Hz

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37
Q

Pitch is perceived based on maximum excitation along the basilar membrane.

A

place model

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38
Q

Bundles of auditory nerve fibers fire at the compression phase of a signal, giving the brain a cue for the period of the signal.

A

temporal model

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39
Q

Based on spectral representation of the stimulus (information contained in the spectrum).
f

A

Place Model

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40
Q

Based on the waveform of the stimulus.

A

temoral model

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41
Q

The duration of a signal can (but may not always) affect which of the following in terms of perception?

bandwidth of the stimulus

perception of tonality

absolute threshold

loudness perception

A

perception of tonality

absolute threshold

loudness perception

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42
Q

loudness

A

perceptual

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43
Q

intensity or sound pressure level

A

physical

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44
Q

frequency

A

physical

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45
Q

pitch

A

perceptual

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46
Q

phase

A

physical

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47
Q

duration

A

both physical and perceptual

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48
Q

The jnd for frequency (also referred to as dlf) at 1,000 Hz is approximately 5 Hz. The jnd for frequency at 10,000 Hz is approximately 50 Hz. This is an example of

A

Weber’s law

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49
Q

Frequency selectivity refers to the auditory system’s ability to

A

detect one sound in the presence of another, different sound

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50
Q

Pitch is perceived based on maximum excitation along the basilar membrane.

A

place model

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51
Q

Bundles of auditory nerve fibers fire at the compression phase of a signal, giving the brain a cue for the period of the signal.

A

temporal model

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52
Q

Based on spectral representation of the stimulus (information contained in the spectrum

A

place model

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53
Q

Based on the waveform of the stimulus.

A

remporal model

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54
Q

low frequency cue

A

itd

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55
Q

high frequency cue

A

ild

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56
Q

arises due to the head shadow effect

A

ild

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57
Q

sound arrives at each ear at a different point in the cycle (different phase)

A

itd

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58
Q

transient distortion

A

spectral splatter

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59
Q

Distortion products are added, which are harmonics of the original signal

A

Harmonic distortion

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60
Q

Amplitude is reduced at certain frequencies based on the characteristics of the filter

A

Frequency distortion

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61
Q

What is the “cocktail party effect?

A

ability to attend to a target in the presence of competing noise

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62
Q

the auditory system takes advantage of the fact that one ear has a more favorable SNR

A

better ear effect

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63
Q

the auditory system takes advantage of information received from both ears, with different SNRs

A

binaural squelch

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64
Q

signal threshold is improved when tones to each ear are out of phase

A

the masking level difference

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65
Q

“copies” of sounds in a reverberant room do not interfere with hearing because of this

A

echo suppression

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66
Q

guitar string after being plucked

A

free vibration

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67
Q

tuning fork after being hit with a soft mallet

A

free vibration

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68
Q

ossicles vibrating because of music

A

forced vibration

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69
Q

table vibrates when the stem of a vibrating tuning fork is placed on it

A

forced vibrarion

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70
Q

average dB SPL of a stimulus

A

RMS amplitude

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71
Q

measure to avoid spectral splatter

A

5 ms ramped rise time/fall time

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72
Q

input level exceeds maximum output level

A

harmonic distortion

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73
Q

input level exceeds maximum output level

A

intermodulation distortion

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74
Q

proportionate change in input and output

A

linear system

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75
Q

disproportionate change in input and output

A

nonlinear system

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76
Q

signal and masker are presented to opposite ears; the masker in the opposite ear increases the threshold of the signal

A

central masking

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77
Q

monaural masking; target signal and masker are presented simultaneously

A

psychoacoustic masking

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78
Q

the masker is presented either before or after the signal or target

A

temporal masking

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79
Q

this masking takes place in the cochlea

A

psychoacoustic masking

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80
Q

this masking takes place in the binaural auditory neural pathway

A

central masking

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81
Q

the precise mechanism of this type of masking is unknown but it is presumed to be neural and not cochlear

A

temporal masking

82
Q

Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

You are carrying on a conversation with a friend next to a noisy piece of equipment. Your friend’s voice (RMS amplitude) is 65 dB SPL as it reaches your ears. The level of the noise coming from the equipment is 60 dB SPL as it reaches your ears. What is the SNR?

A

+5 dB

83
Q

Select each of the options below that provide better hearing in noise.

spatial separation of target signal and noise

binaural squelch

head-related transfer function (HRTF)

better ear advantage

A

spatial separation of target signal and noise

binaural squelch
better ear advantage

84
Q

What would happen to the resonant frequency of a tube if the length of the tube were increased?

A

The resonant frequency would decrease

85
Q

The sound will scatter around the barrier and fill in behind it

A

he barrier is small relative to the wavelength

86
Q

There wll be an acoustic shadow on the other side of the barrier

A

The barrier is large relative to the wavelength

87
Q

The sound will pass through the opening and scatter as if new sound source

A

The opening is small relative to the wavelength

88
Q

The sound will pass through the opening unchanged

A

The opening is large relative to the wavelength

89
Q

If the intensity of a sound 10 meters from the source is 36 watts/m2, what is the intensity 20 meters from the sound source in watts/m2? (Assuming no reverberations or other changes in sound intensity.)

A

9

90
Q

If the level of a sound 25 meters from a sound source is 40 dB SPL, what is the level 50 meters from the sound source?

A

34 dB SPL

91
Q

Describes the flow of sound energy

A

Acoustic immittance

92
Q

Component of impedance; opposes high frequency vibration

A

Mass reactance

93
Q

Ease of sound flow

A

Admittance

94
Q

Component of impedance; frequency-independent

A

Resistance

95
Q

Opposition to sound flow

A

Impedance

96
Q

Component of impedance; opposes low frequency vibration

A

Stiffness reactance

97
Q

Part of the far field; contains reverberations; inverse square law does not apply

A

Diffuse field

98
Q

Sound is circulating around the source and the inverse square law does not apply

A

near field

99
Q

Begins one wavelength from the sound source

A

far field

100
Q

Inverse square law applies here

A

free field

101
Q

describe the process of simple harmonic motion.

A

The object is at rest or equilibrium (center)

Force is applied, which sets the object into motion.

The object moves to a point of maximum displacement.

The object returns back to equilibrium (center) and keeps moving past that point, to a point of maximum displacement in the opposite direction.

The object returns once again to the center point (equilibrium) and moves towards a point of maximum displacement in the opposite direction. This process continues indefinitely (in theory) or until damping has occurred

102
Q

In order to vibrate, an object must have what properties?

A

mass and elasticity

103
Q

It is difficult to make things with relatively high [blank] move slowly

A

stiffness

104
Q

It is difficult to make things with relatively high [blank] move quickly

A

mass

105
Q

What happens when you combine pure tones of the same frequency and amplitude when they are 180o out of phase?

A

The two waveforms cancel each other out

106
Q

A 10-fold increase of sound pressure level is an increase of how many dB SPL?

A

20 db

107
Q

What percent or probability of a response is used for the clinical definition of threshold?

A

50%

108
Q

With this type of psychoacoustic procedure, each subsequent presentation level depends on the subject’s or patient’s response

A

Adaptive procedure

109
Q

Perception of loudness (how a person perceives the loudness of a sound) can depend on

A

Duration of the signal
Frequency of the signal
Bandwidth of the signal

110
Q

How does presentation duration affect absolute threshold?

A

If the presentation time is less than 200 msec, threshold will be too high.

111
Q

Pitch perception is affected by the presentation level.

A

true

112
Q

Which definition best describes frequency selectivity?
The ability to differentiate between two sounds of the same frequency.
The ability to differentiate between two sounds of the same intensity.
The ability to hear multiple components of a complex sound.
The ability to increase threshold in the presence of a masker.

A

The ability to differentiate between two sounds of the same frequency.

????

113
Q

Rate of vibration will increase

A

Increase stiffness

114
Q

Rate of vibration will decrease

A

Increase mass

115
Q

explain the difference between a basic and a derived quantity. What are the basic quantities?

A

A basic quantitiy cannot be simplified any more.

Examples of basic quantities are:

time
length
mass
A derived quantity can be a combination and are able to be simplified. Derived quantities are things like displacement.

116
Q

explain the difference between a scalar and a vector quantity. Why is this important?

A

A scalar quantity requires simple addition and subtraction and a vector quantity requires vector analysis. This is important because we need to know which ones we can easily do and which ones we need more steps and equations in order to complete.

117
Q

describe simple harmonic motion, starting and ending with equilibrium, and the forces and physical properties involved.

A

Object is at rest (equilibrium)
Object is set in motion by a force
It is displaced to a max displacement
It then returns back to equilibrium due to restoring force of elasticity
It is displaced again to a max displacement in the opposite direction (due to inertial forces)
The object returns back to equilibrium because of restoring forces of elasticity
This motion continues indefinitely until damping (friction) causes it to stop

118
Q

Once a sound source has been generated, describe how sound energy travels from the source through air. Include what happens to sound over time in a natural sound environment.

A

Sound source is at rest (equilibrium)
Sound source is set into motion
this motion causes the air molecules next to it to begin vibrating
Those first set of air molecules then cause the next set of molecules beside them to begin to vibrate
This area where there is an increase in air pressure is called condensation
Each individual air molecule is moving in SHM in their own axis
The first set of air molecules then return back to their equilibrium and this area of low pressure is called rarefaction
Damping, due to friction, occurs over time in a natural sound environment causing this motion to stop.

119
Q

has a tonal quality

A

periodic

120
Q

comprised of frequencies that have no particular mathematical relationship to each other

A

aperiodic

121
Q

is comprised of harmonics

A

periodic

122
Q

a single pure tone

A

periodic

123
Q

If a sound has a sound pressure level of 0 dB SPL, what is the pressure of that sound in micropascals?

A

20

124
Q

Force per unit area; measured at a particular location away from the source

A

Pressure

125
Q

Work per unit time; property of the sound source

A

Power

126
Q

Power per unit area; describes the flow of the sound

A

Intensity

127
Q

What does the term rms amplitude refer to?

A

avg amp

128
Q

If a waveform has a period of .004 seconds, what is the frequency in Herz?

A

250

129
Q

magine that you are reading a research paper with your clinical preceptor and the sound descriptions are all in dB IL (dB intensity level). Your clinic preceptor asks you which type of dB is greater, dB IL or dB SPL. How you do answer?

A

dB IL and dB SPL are equal to each other

130
Q

What is the log of 100?

A

2

131
Q

According to our current understanding of measuring perceptual sensitivity, a subject or patient would never respond to a stimulus presented below their measured threshold of sensitivity for that sound.

A

false

132
Q

What is dB level of a 2000 Hz tone perceived as having a loudness of 100 phons

A

95

133
Q

Using the same set of phon curves as in the previous question, what is the loudness in phons of a 70 dB SPL tone at 300 Hz

A

74

134
Q

With regards to Signal Detection Theory, someone with a liberal criterion will present with thresholds that are relatively better or relatively poorer? (which one?)

A

relatively better thresholds

135
Q

For listeners with typical hearing, a doubling of loudness is approximately equivalent to an increase of how many dB?

A

10

136
Q

JND: 1 dB or better, depending on presentation level

A

intensity

137
Q

JND: approximately 0.5% of the frequency

A

frequency

138
Q

JND: duration

A

as short as 2-3 msec

139
Q

Why would the jnd for frequency be different at 2,000 Hz than it is at 1,000 Hz?

A

The JND is the smallest detectible change between two stimuli. For typical human hearing thresholds, the loudness perception is not the same or equal at all of the frequencies and our most sensitive frequency range is 1,000-5,000 Hz. Our JND would therefore be different at 2,000 Hz compared to 1,000 Hz because it is in the most sensitive frequency range and we would notice a larger difference at the larger frequency being 2,000 Hz.

Weber’s Law = size of JND is constant proportion to the original stimuli

The jnd at 2,000 would be different because it would be greater and more detectible than it would be at 1,000 Hz.

140
Q

List four factors that affect threshold estimation.

A

Attention level

Motivation

Understanding of the directions

Effects of habituation

141
Q

What are the five parameters for measuring thresholds behaviorally? In other words, what are the five things that you need to decide on ahead of time when measuring a threshold of some kind?

A

Method Presentation

Starting level

Step size

Stopping rule

How we define or calculate threshold

142
Q

Loudness is the perceptual correlate of intensity.

True or false: loudness perception is dependent upon the frequency of the stimulus

A

true

143
Q

There is no particular relationship implied with 10 of this unit and 5 of this unit

A

Phon scale

144
Q

10 of this unit would be double the loudness of 5 of this unit

A

Sone scale

145
Q

If we wanted to understand how much to increase a sound level for it to be perceived as double the original sound, what method would we chose?

A

direct scaling

146
Q

The cochlea is nonlinear, meaning that the amount of gain differs based on input level. Is more gain applied at low-level inputs, mid-level inputs, or high-level inputs?

A

lowe level

147
Q

True or false: 30 dB SPL is a doubling of the pressure from 15 dB SPL.

A

false

148
Q

For listeners with normal hearing, a doubling of loudness is approximately equivalent to an increase of how many dB?

A

10

149
Q

The human auditory system is equally sensitive at all frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.

A

falase

150
Q

The frequency range where the auditory system is the most sensitive is

A

1,000-5,000 Hz

151
Q

When we test hearing, we test at a selection of discrete frequencies. When we plot the test results, we make assumptions about the hearing thresholds for the frequencies that we do not test.

For example, if the hearing threshold at 1,000 Hz is 10 dB HL and the hearing threshold at 2,000 Hz is also 10 dB HL, we assume the hearing thresholds for the frequencies between 1,000 - 2,000 Hz (1,200 Hz, for example, which we do not test) is also 10 dB HL.

Is this a correct assumption? (In other words, are we correct to assume this for each of the frequencies?) (True = Yes; False = No)

A

false

152
Q

What are the three (“big three”) dimensions of sound used to describe the physical characteristics of a sound?

A

amplitude, duration and frequency.

153
Q

amplitude, duration and frequency.

A

Loudness is the perceptual correlate of intensity (amplitude). Pitch is the perceptual correlate of frequency. Duration is both the perceptual and physical characteristic.

154
Q

What are two characteristics that must be present for something to vibrate?

A

To vibrate, a body must have:

Mass: a quantity of matter is present

Elasticity: the property that enables recovery from distortion to either shape or volume (some argue that elasticity is more accurately defined as the ability to resist changes in shape or volume)

155
Q

the brain receives information from both ears yet the stimulus is perceived as a single auditory image

A

binaural fusion

156
Q

performance is better on a perceptual task when stimuli are presented binaurally vs. monaurally

A

binaural summation

157
Q

average dB SPL of a stimulus

A

RMS amplitude

158
Q

measure to avoid spectral splatter

A

20 ms ramped rise time/fall time

159
Q

input level exceeds maximum output level

A

harmonic distortion

160
Q

a standard is being reference

A

ANSI

161
Q

Rejection rate or attenuation rate

A

slope of the filter

162
Q

value for converting dB SPL to dB HL

A

RETSPL

163
Q

If you increased the stiffness of the middle ear system, would the result be a low frequency hearing loss or a high frequency hearing loss?

A

lf

164
Q

If a sound is located at 1800 azimuth, where is the location of the sound?

A

behind the head

165
Q

What does it mean when we say the cochlea is modeled as a bank of overlapping filters?

A

Each place along the basilar membrane will respond at very low levels to a “best frequency” but will respond to other frequency inputs at higher levels,

166
Q

the SNR at one ear is more favorable than at the other ear

A

better ear effect

167
Q

the auditory system takes advantage of information received from both ears, with different SNRs

A

binaural squelch

168
Q

signal threshold is improved when tones to each ear are out of phase

A

the masking level difference

169
Q

“copies” of sounds in a reverberant room do not interfere with hearing because of this

A

echo suppression

170
Q

the signal delivered to each ear is exactly the same in all aspects

A

diotic

171
Q

the signal delivered to each ear differs in one or more dimensions

A

dichotic

172
Q

The duration of a signal can (but may not always) affect which of the following in terms of perception? Select all that apply.

loudness perception

bandwidth of the stimulus

absolute threshold

A

loudness perception absolute threshold

173
Q

If a sound is located at 900 elevation, where is the location of the sound?

A

at the top of the head

174
Q

describes the ease with which energy flows

A

Admittance

175
Q

describes the opposition to energy flow

A

Impedance

176
Q

general term describing the flow of energy

A

Immittance

177
Q

The patient or study participant has control over the stimulus level.

A

Method of Adjustment

178
Q

The patient or study participant is asked to give a rating for each stimulus.

A

Direct Scaling

179
Q

Threshold is estimated using a series of ascending and descending runs with pre-determined starting levels.

A

Method of Limits

180
Q

Stimuli are presented in random order, with multiple trials per level

A

Method of Constant Stimuli

181
Q

If your patient has a reduced dynamic range, what is their likely hearing loss, conductive hearing loss or cochlear hearing loss?

A

cochlear

182
Q

the angle of the incident wave is the same as the reflected wave, in the opposite direction (the two are perpindicular)

A

plane surface (such as a wall)

183
Q

reflected sound waves are focused

A

concave surface

184
Q

reflected sound waves are scattered

A

convex surface

185
Q

narrowly tuned system

A

has low levels of resistance

186
Q

broadly tuned system

A

has high levels of resistance

187
Q

makes a good transducer of sound

A

broadly tuned system

188
Q

relatively small bandwidth

A

narrowly tuned system

189
Q

relatively large bandwidth

A

broadly tuned system

190
Q

localize high frequency sounds in the horizontal plane

A

ild

191
Q

localize broad band signals in the vertical plane

A

spectrum of sound based on head-related-transfer function (HRTF)

192
Q

localize low frequency sounds in the horizontal plane

A

ITD

193
Q

f you increase the length of a tube, what happens to the resonant frequency of the tube?

A

becomes lowr

194
Q

Increase in threshold/threshold (larger number) shift in presence of another sound

A

masking

195
Q

Sound is perceived as softer but still audible (doesn’t change the threshold)

A

masking

196
Q

Sound is perceived as softer but still audible (doesn’t change the threshold)

A

partial masking

197
Q

sound increasing threshold of other sound

A

masker

198
Q

Sound that is being masked

A

test signal

199
Q

The amount in dB of the threshold shift

A

amount of masking

200
Q

low frequency sounds mask high frequency sounds

A

upward spread of masking

201
Q

A doubling of frequency results in a doubling of pitch perception

A

false

202
Q

pitch perception is affected by intensity changes

A

true

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