Review 1 Flashcards by Libby Sarra

What agencies/governing bodies deal with infection control?

CDC
OSHA
WHO
EPA
FDA

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What guidelines do they have that we have to follow in regard to infection control

Standard precautions
Universal precautions - when we have to use PPE and do certain levels of cleaning something

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Levels of cleaning instruments

Disinfection - kills germs, equipment that doesn;t use infectious debris
Sterilize - something that could get blood on it

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If we dont follow the guielines

Financial penalties
Clinic closures

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regulates noise ordinances in the community

epa

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plays role with infection control but more in pharmocology and medical devices

FDA

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Original standard precautions came from

CDC

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1 infection control procedure to help not spread infections from patient to patient

hand hygiene

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ensure safe and healthful working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and by
providing training, outreach, education and assistance.

OSHA

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organization to protect public health and fight disease. “is one of the major operating components of
the Department of Health and Human Services and is recognized as the nation’s premiere health promotion, prevention, and preparedness agency.” created
guidelines for standard precautions

CDC

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OSHA

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Center for Disease Control and Prevention

CDC

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Environmental Protection Agency

EPA

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Agency regulates chemical safety i.e. disinfectants and sterilants and much more related to environment andhuman health

EPA

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United States-based nonprofit 501(c) organization that accredits and
certifies more than 22,000 healthcare organizations and programs in the United States.”

JCAHO

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The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations,

JCAHO

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acts to protect the public health be ensuring safety of food, drugs, medical devices and cosmetics

FDA

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U.S. Food and Drug

FDA=

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What is the recommended amount of
time the CDC (and OSHA)
recommend hashing your hands

*10-20 seconds

Hum/sing Happy B-Day or Twinkle
Twinkle Little Star Twice

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Is hand sanitizer better than hand
washing?

You should wash your hands as soon as
possible even after use of hand sanitizer.

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Most severe meningitis
Can have severe-profound SNHL - affecting the inner ear
Cochlear ossification - effects ability to choose CI’s etc.
Can also be brain damage

bacterial meningitis

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Hospital acquired infection

Nosocomial - acquired it in a hospital, reason why JCAHO IS IMPORTANT because they monitor and want to reduce these

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What is the route for the meninges and the inner ear

Perilymphatic duct - allows route of communication bw meninges and inner ear
Perilymph and csf are very similar in makeup
Endolymphatic duct & sac - absorb from inner ear up to the dural space of the extra endolymph
Endolymph produced in stria vascularis

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What does stria create to allow organ of corti to work

High concentration of potassium = endocochlear potential (because of stria pumping out, it having high potassium, causes hairs to be ready for stim)

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low lying, not overly pervasive, constantly around and we get used to it, ex: flu

endemic

regional, in country or area, pops up ex: small pox, west nile, zika, sudden outbreak of disease in comm or region during a time period, runs its course

epidemic

epidemic on large scale that crossed borders ex: covid

pandemic

Gloves & mask Eyeglass protection Shields robe/gown/lab coat Shoe covers Hair net

PPE

is the term used to define microbes that can cause illness and/or disease.

pathogen

What virus is responsible for painful infection of the facial nerve near the ear that can lead to blisters, hearing loss, and vertigo?

Herpes Zoster Oticus

What bacteria is the most common cause of otitis media?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

_________ is the term used to define a common outer ear fungal infection.

otomycosis

One benefits at the expense of the other.

Parasitism

Both the host and the microbe benefit from each other.

mutualism

One benefits but the other does not receive benefit or harm.

Commensalism

an epidemic on a large scale, like a continent

Pandemic

an infection that is ever-present at a relatively low level, like Valley Fever

Endemic

a sudden outbreak when more than the usual number of cases of a disease occurs in a community during a certain time period

Epidemic

Non-profit accrediting agency

JCAHO

Ensures a safe workplace for all employees

OSHA

Safety of drugs, medical devices, food, and cosmetics

FDA

Created guidelines for standard precautions

CDC

Regulates disinfectants and sterilants

EPA

Bacterial meningitis can be deadly within 24 - 48 hours if left untreated. It can also lead to permanent brain damage and severe sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)

true

A patient was admitted to the hospital for an emergency appendectomy. A couple of days into his hospitalization he developed MRSA at the incision site. This type of secondary infection is referred to as a ___________________ infection

nosocomial

It is not essential to employ hand hygiene if you wore gloves.

false

When performing otoscopy you should use the largest specula tip possible.

true

What is the leading cause of transmission of germs in health care settings?

Contaminated hands

What is the preferred method used to prepare critical audiology tools for use with another patient?

Cold sterilization with gluteraldehyde or hydrogen peroxide solution for several hours.

Home-grade disinfectants, like Clorox wipes

Low-level disinfection

Dishwasher, bleach, or rubbing alcohol

Mid-level disinfection

Hospital-grade disinfectants, like Audiologist's Choice solution or Cavicide wipes

High-level disinfection

Surfaces like chairs and counter tops during everyday encounters with patients should be:

Cleaned Disinfected

First step. Removes gross (visible) contamination from the surface

Clean

Kills some of the germs, but not all of them

Disinfect

Kills 100% of the germs 100% of the time

Sterilize

Whenever we may have contact with potential infectious material If risk of cerumen, blood, splatter, wear protection

PPE

method for removing cerumen:

irrigation, mechanical insrumentations (forceps, curette (loop), scoops etc.), suction,

If you see it in the ear, how do you know when to remove it?

Blockage of ™, to prevent pushing it in further (interference of treatment or procedure), if it is dry/hard and won't come out on its own

What are precautions/contraindications for doing cerumen

perf do not irrigate (always do tymps and otoscopy before doing irrigation), diabetes (infection, they do not heal as good), blood thinners (in case they bleed and we know how to treat it), PT consent (gone over questions and precautions and they consent to having it done)

Why do we have cerumen?

Lubricate - keeps it moist so it isnt dry and itchy Protect - barrier to catch things Migrates out as epithelial migration so when it catches those things it will fall out and you wont even know it

What agency created the Universal Blood and Bloodborne Pathogen Precautions, also known as Standard Precautions?

cdc

what forms from the neural tube from ectoderm

brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia

first sign of nervous system forming is a thickening of groove in ectoderm that becomes

neural tube

if neural tube doesn’t zip up from caudal and rostral side we can have open neural tube and on caudal side is

spina bifida

bs and the cerebellum herniate through the foramen magnum and associated with spina bifida

arnold chiari Ii

which germ layer is on outside of ™?

ectoderm

which layer is on middle ear side on moist aerated space

endoderm

which is in middle making is sp8iral

mesoderm

becomes utricle, SCC and endolymphatic duct

dorsal portion

genetic material and gene mutation

genotype

symptoms, physical and outward presentation

phenotype

most commonly associated with genetic hearing loss

3 copies of 21 too many body can function with too many than not enough genetic material has CHL or mixed stenosis: tiny ear canals & a lot of waxed build up, otitis media facial changes: palms of hands,

down syndrome

RETSPL equation for hl to spl

dB HL = dB SPL – RETSPL

RETSPL equation for spl to hl

dB HL = dB SPL + RETSPL

Convert 0 dB HL at 1,000 Hz to dB SPL

= 0 + 7.5 dB SPL = 7.5

what is dB SL

difference between presentation level and the patient’s individual threshold

he patient’s threshold is 25 dB HL. You present a tone at 60 dB HL. At what dB SL are you presenting the tone?

35 dB SL

The patient’s threshold is 45 dB HL. You present a tone that is 10 dB SL. At what dB HL are you presenting the tone?

Doubling of intensity

+3 dB

Doubling of sound pressure

+6 dB

Doubling of loudness (in typical hearing)

10 dB

Ensure we are measuring what we think we are measuring

test validity

Stimuli are presented in a pre-determined, random order, with many presentations at each stimulus level

method of constant stimulus

Stimuli are presented at pre-determined starting points

method of limits

Stimulus is controlled by subject Level change is continuous rather than in discrete steps

method of adjustment

fewer hits, more correct rejections Less likely to say they heard it

conservative

equal number of hits and correct rejections

Neutral

Someone with a liberal criterion will present with relatively better/poorer hearing thresholds. Why?

better because they have a higher tendency to say yes

Someone with a conservative criterion will present with relatively better/poorer hearing thresholds. Why?

poorer because they have a higher tendency to say no and wait until it gets louder