Review 1 Flashcards
What agencies/governing bodies deal with infection control?
CDC
OSHA
WHO
EPA
FDA
What guidelines do they have that we have to follow in regard to infection control
Standard precautions
Universal precautions - when we have to use PPE and do certain levels of cleaning something
Levels of cleaning instruments
Disinfection - kills germs, equipment that doesn;t use infectious debris
Sterilize - something that could get blood on it
If we dont follow the guielines
Financial penalties
Clinic closures
regulates noise ordinances in the community
epa
plays role with infection control but more in pharmocology and medical devices
FDA
Original standard precautions came from
CDC
1 infection control procedure to help not spread infections from patient to patient
hand hygiene
ensure safe and healthful working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and by
providing training, outreach, education and assistance.
OSHA
organization to protect public health and fight disease. “is one of the major operating components of
the Department of Health and Human Services and is recognized as the nation’s premiere health promotion, prevention, and preparedness agency.” created
guidelines for standard precautions
CDC
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
CDC
Environmental Protection Agency
EPA
Agency regulates chemical safety i.e. disinfectants and sterilants and much more related to environment andhuman health
EPA
United States-based nonprofit 501(c) organization that accredits and
certifies more than 22,000 healthcare organizations and programs in the United States.”
JCAHO
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations,
JCAHO
acts to protect the public health be ensuring safety of food, drugs, medical devices and cosmetics
FDA
U.S. Food and Drug
FDA=
What is the recommended amount of
time the CDC (and OSHA)
recommend hashing your hands
*10-20 seconds
Hum/sing Happy B-Day or Twinkle
Twinkle Little Star Twice
Is hand sanitizer better than hand
washing?
You should wash your hands as soon as
possible even after use of hand sanitizer.
Most severe meningitis
Can have severe-profound SNHL - affecting the inner ear
Cochlear ossification - effects ability to choose CI’s etc.
Can also be brain damage
bacterial meningitis
Hospital acquired infection
Nosocomial - acquired it in a hospital, reason why JCAHO IS IMPORTANT because they monitor and want to reduce these
What is the route for the meninges and the inner ear
Perilymphatic duct - allows route of communication bw meninges and inner ear
Perilymph and csf are very similar in makeup
Endolymphatic duct & sac - absorb from inner ear up to the dural space of the extra endolymph
Endolymph produced in stria vascularis
What does stria create to allow organ of corti to work
High concentration of potassium = endocochlear potential (because of stria pumping out, it having high potassium, causes hairs to be ready for stim)
low lying, not overly pervasive, constantly around and we get used to it, ex: flu
endemic
regional, in country or area, pops up ex: small pox, west nile, zika, sudden outbreak of disease in comm or region during a time period, runs its course
epidemic
epidemic on large scale that crossed borders ex: covid
pandemic
Gloves & mask
Eyeglass protection
Shields
robe/gown/lab coat
Shoe covers
Hair net
PPE
is the term used to define microbes that can cause illness and/or disease.
pathogen
What virus is responsible for painful infection of the facial nerve near the ear that can lead to blisters, hearing loss, and vertigo?
Herpes Zoster Oticus
What bacteria is the most common cause of otitis media?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
_________ is the term used to define a common outer ear fungal infection.
otomycosis
One benefits at the expense of the other.
Parasitism
Both the host and the microbe benefit from each other.
mutualism
One benefits but the other does not receive benefit or harm.
Commensalism
an epidemic on a large scale, like a continent
Pandemic
an infection that is ever-present at a relatively low level, like Valley Fever
Endemic
a sudden outbreak when more than the usual number of cases of a disease occurs in a community during a certain time period
Epidemic
Non-profit accrediting agency
JCAHO
Ensures a safe workplace for all employees
OSHA
Safety of drugs, medical devices, food, and cosmetics
FDA
Created guidelines for standard precautions
CDC
Regulates disinfectants and sterilants
EPA
Bacterial meningitis can be deadly within 24 - 48 hours if left untreated. It can also lead to permanent brain damage and severe sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)
true
A patient was admitted to the hospital for an emergency appendectomy. A couple of days into his hospitalization he developed MRSA at the incision site. This type of secondary infection is referred to as a ___________________ infection
nosocomial
It is not essential to employ hand hygiene if you wore gloves.
false
When performing otoscopy you should use the largest specula tip possible.
true
What is the leading cause of transmission of germs in health care settings?
Contaminated hands
What is the preferred method used to prepare critical audiology tools for use with another patient?
Cold sterilization with gluteraldehyde or hydrogen peroxide solution for several hours.
Home-grade disinfectants, like Clorox wipes
Low-level disinfection
Dishwasher, bleach, or rubbing alcohol
Mid-level disinfection
Hospital-grade disinfectants, like Audiologist’s Choice solution or Cavicide wipes
High-level disinfection
Surfaces like chairs and counter tops during everyday encounters with patients should be:
Cleaned
Disinfected
First step. Removes gross (visible) contamination from the surface
Clean
Kills some of the germs, but not all of them
Disinfect
Kills 100% of the germs 100% of the time
Sterilize
Whenever we may have contact with potential infectious material
If risk of cerumen, blood, splatter, wear protection
PPE
method for removing cerumen:
irrigation, mechanical insrumentations (forceps, curette (loop), scoops etc.), suction,
If you see it in the ear, how do you know when to remove it?
Blockage of ™, to prevent pushing it in further (interference of treatment or procedure), if it is dry/hard and won’t come out on its own
What are precautions/contraindications for doing cerumen
perf do not irrigate (always do tymps and otoscopy before doing irrigation), diabetes (infection, they do not heal as good), blood thinners (in case they bleed and we know how to treat it), PT consent (gone over questions and precautions and they consent to having it done)
Why do we have cerumen?
Lubricate - keeps it moist so it isnt dry and itchy
Protect - barrier to catch things
Migrates out as epithelial migration so when it catches those things it will fall out and you wont even know it
What agency created the Universal Blood and Bloodborne Pathogen Precautions, also known as Standard Precautions?
cdc
what forms from the neural tube from ectoderm
brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia
first sign of nervous system forming is a thickening of groove in ectoderm that becomes
neural tube
if neural tube doesn’t zip up from caudal and rostral side we can have open neural tube and on caudal side is
spina bifida
bs and the cerebellum herniate through the foramen magnum and associated with spina bifida
arnold chiari Ii
which germ layer is on outside of ™?
ectoderm
which layer is on middle ear side on moist aerated space
endoderm
which is in middle making is sp8iral
mesoderm
becomes utricle, SCC and endolymphatic duct
dorsal portion
genetic material and gene mutation
genotype
symptoms, physical and outward presentation
phenotype
most commonly associated with genetic hearing loss
ar
3 copies of 21
too many
body can function with too many than not enough genetic material
has CHL or mixed
stenosis: tiny ear canals & a lot of waxed build up, otitis media
facial changes: palms of hands,
down syndrome
RETSPL equation for hl to spl
dB HL = dB SPL – RETSPL
RETSPL equation for spl to hl
dB HL = dB SPL + RETSPL
Convert 0 dB HL at 1,000 Hz to dB SPL
= 0 + 7.5
dB SPL = 7.5
what is dB SL
difference between presentation level and the patient’s individual threshold
he patient’s threshold is 25 dB HL.
You present a tone at 60 dB HL.
At what dB SL are you presenting the tone?
35 dB SL
The patient’s threshold is 45 dB HL.
You present a tone that is 10 dB SL.
At what dB HL are you presenting the tone?
55
Doubling of intensity
+3 dB
Doubling of sound pressure
+6 dB
Doubling of loudness (in typical hearing)
10 dB
Ensure we are measuring what we think we are measuring
test validity
Stimuli are presented in a pre-determined, random order, with many presentations at each stimulus level
method of constant stimulus
Stimuli are presented at pre-determined starting points
method of limits
Stimulus is controlled by subject
Level change is continuous rather than in discrete steps
method of adjustment
fewer hits, more correct rejections
Less likely to say they heard it
conservative
equal number of hits and correct rejections
Neutral
Someone with a liberal criterion will present with relatively better/poorer hearing thresholds. Why?
better because they have a higher tendency to say yes
Someone with a conservative criterion will present with relatively better/poorer hearing thresholds. Why?
poorer because they have a higher tendency to say no and wait until it gets louder
