Review Flashcards
Define anatomy
The study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized.
Define physiology
The study of the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it
Levels of organization of the body
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human organism
Define homeostasis
Homeostasis is any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival
Positive/negative feedback
Both have the same components of a stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector; however, negative feedback loops work to prevent an excessive response to the stimulus, whereas positive feedback loops intensify the response until an end point is reached.
Coronal plane
splits body in front and back halves
Sagittal plane
splits body in left and right halves
Transverse plane
splits body in top and bottom halves
Describe cell
Cells are the smallest structural units of living matter and compose all living things A cell is a mass of cytoplasm that has a cell membrane. Usually microscopic in size. Most cells have one or more nuclei and other organelles that carry out a variety of tasks
Describe tissue
Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit. A nonliving material, called the intercellular matrix, fills the spaces between the cells.
Define histology
Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures visible without a microscope.
Describe cell cycle
Interphase:
1. G1
2. S phase
3. G2
Cell Division:
4. M phase
5. Cytokenisis
Interphase:
1. G1 (cell growth, protein synthesis, cell metabolism, preparation for s phase)
2. S phase (synthesis, DNA is copied)
3. G2 (growth and preparation for cell division, protein synthesis)
Cell division:
4. M phase (mitosis; PMAT)
5. Cytokinesis (cytoplasm and organelles are divided evenly between the cells)
G1 cell phase
cell growth, protein synthesis, cell metabolism, preparation for s phase
S phase
synthesis, DNA is copied
G2 cell phase
growth and preparation for cell division, protein synthesis
M phase
Mitosis (PMAT)
-cell division
Cytokinesis
cytoplasm and organelles are divided evenly between the cells
-cell division
Describe active and passive movements
Passive mechanisms like diffusion use no energy, while active transport requires energy to get done
List and describe major tissues
connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous
Epithelial tissues act as coverings controlling the movement of materials across the surface. Connective tissue integrates the various parts of the body and provides support and protection to organs. Muscle tissue allows the body to move. Nervous tissues propagate information
Epithelial tissue
acts as coverings controlling the movement of materials across the surface
Connective tissue
integrates the various parts of the body and provides support and protection to organs
Muscle tissue
allows the body to move
Nervous tissue
propagate information
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
cells are flat in shape and arranged in a single layer. This single layer is thin enough to form a membrane that compounds can move through via passive diffusion. This epithelial type is found in the walls of capillaries, linings of the pericardium, and the linings of the alveoli of the lungs.
Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
consists of a single layer cells that are as tall as they are wide. The important functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium are secretion and absorption. This epithelial type is found in the small collecting ducts of the kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands.
Simple columnar epithelial tissue
a single row of tall, closely packed cells, aligned in a row. These cells are found in areas with high secretory function (such as the wall of the stomach), or absorptive areas (as in small intestine ). They possess cellular extensions (e.g., microvilli in the small intestine, or the cilia found almost exclusively in the female reproductive tract).
Pseudostratified epithelial tissue
These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.
Stratified epithelium
Stratified epithelium differs from simple epithelium by being multilayered. It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insults.
Transitional epithelium
Transitional epithelia are found in tissues that stretch and it can appear to be stratified cuboidal when the tissue is not stretched, or stratified squamous when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches. It is sometimes called the urothelium since it is almost exclusively found in the bladder, ureters, and urethra
Functions of skin
The functions of the skin include: Protection against microorganisms, dehydration, ultraviolet light, and mechanical damage; the skin is the first physical barrier that the human body has against the external environment.
Factors that influence the color of skin
Skin color is influenced by the type of melanin present, UV exposure, genetics, the content of melanosomes, and other chromophores in the skin [16]. The presence of various 4 chromophore combinations influences skin color perception in part: carotenoids, melanin, oxyhemoglobin, and hemoglobin.
First-degree (superficial) burns
First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of skin, the epidermis. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and has no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage is rare and often consists of an increase or decrease in the skin color.
Second-degree (partial thickness) burns
Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the lower layer of skin, the dermis. The burn site looks red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful.
Third-degree (full thickness) burns
Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. They may go into the innermost layer of skin, the subcutaneous tissue. The burn site may look white or blackened and charred.
Fourth-degree burns.
Fourth-degree burns go through both layers of the skin and underlying tissue as well as deeper tissue, possibly involving muscle and bone. There is no feeling in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.
Describe structure of a long bone
has two ends and is longer than it is wide
Difference between epiphysial plate and line
plate is growing, line is when plate has stopped producing bone
Types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage
Hyaline - most common, found in the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea. Is a precursor of bone.
Fibro- is found in invertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments.
Elastic - is found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx.
Hyaline cartilage location
most common, found in the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea. Is a precursor of bone.
Fibrocartilage location
found in intervertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments.
Elastic cartilage
found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx.
Ligaments compared to tendons
Ligaments are fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to bones and serve to hold structures together, while tendons are fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to bone or other body structures.
Define rigor mortis
The main cause of rigor mortis is depletion of the cell’s energy molecule, ATP. ATP separates actin-myosin bridges during muscle relaxation. Without ATP, cross-bridging locks muscles in place. Rigor mortis is a postmortem change resulting in the stiffening of the body muscles due to chemical changes in their myofibrils
Why is grey matter grey
because of the high concentration of cell bodies present
What are the ventricles of the brain
2 lateral ventricles (1 in each cerebral hemisphere), the third ventricle in the diencephalon, and the fourth ventricle in the hindbrain.
Function of brain ventricles
To circulate cerebral spinal fluid to keep it sterile.
Your brain floats in a bath of cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid also fills large open structures, called ventricles, which lie deep inside your brain. The fluid-filled ventricles help keep the brain buoyant and cushioned. Their sole function is to produce and secrete cerebrospinal fluid to protect and maintain your central nervous system.
Spinal nerves
In total, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves grouped regionally by spinal region. More specifically, there are eight cervical nerve pairs (C1-C8), twelve thoracic nerve pairs (T1-T12), five lumbar nerve pairs (L1-L5), 5 sacral (S1-S5), and a single coccygeal nerve pair.
