Review

Question 1

Define anatomy

Answer 1

The study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized.

Question 2

Define physiology

Answer 2

The study of the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it

Question 3

Levels of organization of the body

Answer 3

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human organism

Question 4

Define homeostasis

Answer 4

Homeostasis is any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival

Question 5

Positive/negative feedback

Answer 5

Both have the same components of a stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector; however, negative feedback loops work to prevent an excessive response to the stimulus, whereas positive feedback loops intensify the response until an end point is reached.

Question 6

Coronal plane

Answer 6

splits body in front and back halves

Question 7

Sagittal plane

Answer 7

splits body in left and right halves

Question 8

Transverse plane

Answer 8

splits body in top and bottom halves

Question 9

Describe cell

Answer 9

Cells are the smallest structural units of living matter and compose all living things A cell is a mass of cytoplasm that has a cell membrane. Usually microscopic in size. Most cells have one or more nuclei and other organelles that carry out a variety of tasks

Question 10

Describe tissue

Answer 10

Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit. A nonliving material, called the intercellular matrix, fills the spaces between the cells.

Question 11

Define histology

Answer 11

Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures visible without a microscope.

Question 12

Describe cell cycle

Answer 12

Interphase:
1. G1
2. S phase
3. G2

Cell Division:
4. M phase
5. Cytokenisis

Interphase:
1. G1 (cell growth, protein synthesis, cell metabolism, preparation for s phase)
2. S phase (synthesis, DNA is copied)
3. G2 (growth and preparation for cell division, protein synthesis)
Cell division:
4. M phase (mitosis; PMAT)
5. Cytokinesis (cytoplasm and organelles are divided evenly between the cells)

Question 13

G1 cell phase

Answer 13

cell growth, protein synthesis, cell metabolism, preparation for s phase

Question 14

S phase

Answer 14

synthesis, DNA is copied

Question 15

G2 cell phase

Answer 15

growth and preparation for cell division, protein synthesis

Question 16

M phase

Answer 16

Mitosis (PMAT)

-cell division

Question 17

Cytokinesis

Answer 17

cytoplasm and organelles are divided evenly between the cells

-cell division

Question 18

Describe active and passive movements

Answer 18

Passive mechanisms like diffusion use no energy, while active transport requires energy to get done

Question 19

List and describe major tissues

Answer 19

connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

Epithelial tissues act as coverings controlling the movement of materials across the surface. Connective tissue integrates the various parts of the body and provides support and protection to organs. Muscle tissue allows the body to move. Nervous tissues propagate information

Question 20

Epithelial tissue

Answer 20

acts as coverings controlling the movement of materials across the surface

Question 21

Connective tissue

Answer 21

integrates the various parts of the body and provides support and protection to organs

Question 22

Muscle tissue

Answer 22

allows the body to move

Question 23

Nervous tissue

Answer 23

propagate information

Question 24

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

Answer 24

cells are flat in shape and arranged in a single layer. This single layer is thin enough to form a membrane that compounds can move through via passive diffusion. This epithelial type is found in the walls of capillaries, linings of the pericardium, and the linings of the alveoli of the lungs.

Question 25

Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

Answer 25

consists of a single layer cells that are as tall as they are wide. The important functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium are secretion and absorption. This epithelial type is found in the small collecting ducts of the kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands.

Question 26

Simple columnar epithelial tissue

Answer 26

a single row of tall, closely packed cells, aligned in a row. These cells are found in areas with high secretory function (such as the wall of the stomach), or absorptive areas (as in small intestine ). They possess cellular extensions (e.g., microvilli in the small intestine, or the cilia found almost exclusively in the female reproductive tract).

Question 27

Pseudostratified epithelial tissue

Answer 27

These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.

Question 28

Stratified epithelium

Answer 28

Stratified epithelium differs from simple epithelium by being multilayered. It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insults.

Question 29

Transitional epithelium

Answer 29

Transitional epithelia are found in tissues that stretch and it can appear to be stratified cuboidal when the tissue is not stretched, or stratified squamous when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches. It is sometimes called the urothelium since it is almost exclusively found in the bladder, ureters, and urethra

Question 30

Functions of skin

Answer 30

The functions of the skin include: Protection against microorganisms, dehydration, ultraviolet light, and mechanical damage; the skin is the first physical barrier that the human body has against the external environment.

Question 31

Factors that influence the color of skin

Answer 31

Skin color is influenced by the type of melanin present, UV exposure, genetics, the content of melanosomes, and other chromophores in the skin [16]. The presence of various 4 chromophore combinations influences skin color perception in part: carotenoids, melanin, oxyhemoglobin, and hemoglobin.

Question 32

First-degree (superficial) burns

Answer 32

First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of skin, the epidermis. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and has no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage is rare and often consists of an increase or decrease in the skin color.

Question 33

Second-degree (partial thickness) burns

Answer 33

Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the lower layer of skin, the dermis. The burn site looks red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful.

Question 34

Third-degree (full thickness) burns

Answer 34

Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. They may go into the innermost layer of skin, the subcutaneous tissue. The burn site may look white or blackened and charred.

Question 35

Fourth-degree burns.

Answer 35

Fourth-degree burns go through both layers of the skin and underlying tissue as well as deeper tissue, possibly involving muscle and bone. There is no feeling in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.

Question 36

Describe structure of a long bone

Answer 36

has two ends and is longer than it is wide

Question 37

Difference between epiphysial plate and line

Answer 37

plate is growing, line is when plate has stopped producing bone

Question 38

Types of cartilage

Answer 38

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage

Hyaline - most common, found in the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea. Is a precursor of bone.
Fibro- is found in invertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments.
Elastic - is found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx.

Question 39

Hyaline cartilage location

Answer 39

most common, found in the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea. Is a precursor of bone.

Question 40

Fibrocartilage location

Answer 40

found in intervertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments.

Question 41

Elastic cartilage

Answer 41

found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx.

Question 42

Ligaments compared to tendons

Answer 42

Ligaments are fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to bones and serve to hold structures together, while tendons are fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to bone or other body structures.

Question 43

Define rigor mortis

Answer 43

The main cause of rigor mortis is depletion of the cell’s energy molecule, ATP. ATP separates actin-myosin bridges during muscle relaxation. Without ATP, cross-bridging locks muscles in place. Rigor mortis is a postmortem change resulting in the stiffening of the body muscles due to chemical changes in their myofibrils

Question 44

Why is grey matter grey

Answer 44

because of the high concentration of cell bodies present

Question 45

What are the ventricles of the brain

Answer 45

2 lateral ventricles (1 in each cerebral hemisphere), the third ventricle in the diencephalon, and the fourth ventricle in the hindbrain.

Question 46

Function of brain ventricles

Answer 46

To circulate cerebral spinal fluid to keep it sterile.

Your brain floats in a bath of cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid also fills large open structures, called ventricles, which lie deep inside your brain. The fluid-filled ventricles help keep the brain buoyant and cushioned. Their sole function is to produce and secrete cerebrospinal fluid to protect and maintain your central nervous system.

Question 47

Spinal nerves

Answer 47

In total, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves grouped regionally by spinal region. More specifically, there are eight cervical nerve pairs (C1-C8), twelve thoracic nerve pairs (T1-T12), five lumbar nerve pairs (L1-L5), 5 sacral (S1-S5), and a single coccygeal nerve pair.