Chapter 10

Question 1

Afferent pathway

Answer 1

Arrives
sensory input
from environment to sensory receptors
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
impulses only towards the brain

Question 2

Efferent pathway

Answer 2

Exits
motor output
from brain to muscle
Central nervous system (CNS)
impulses only away from brain

Question 3

Anterograde vs. Retrograde

Answer 3

Anterograde: from axon AWAY from soma
Retrograde: from axon toward soma

Question 4

Myelin

Answer 4

Insulation

Question 5

Resting Potential

Voltage

Answer 5

70 voltage

Question 6

Refractory period

Answer 6

must rest

Question 7

Rest vs. Action

Polarization

Answer 7

Rest: polarized
Action: depolarized

Question 8

Diffusion vs. Pump

Answer 8

Diffusion: passive, with concentration gradient
Pump: needs ATP to function, goes against concentration gradient

Question 9

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

Neurotransmitter

Answer 9

Acetylcholine (Ach) as the neurotransmitter

Question 10

Regions of the brain

Answer 10

1. cerebral hemisphere
2. diencephalon
3. cerebellum
4. brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

Question 11

Midbrain

Answer 11

• pain supression
  substantia nigra (degeneration leads to Parkinson’s disease
• reticular formation
  -a relay system
  -transmitting information necessary for vision and hearing
  -motor movement, pain, and the sleep/wake cycle

Question 12

Pons

Answer 12

• big belly
  -links brain to spinal cord
  -providing a route for signals to travel to and from brain
  -several neurotransmitters in pons facilitate brain function, particularly sleep

Question 13

Medulla oblongata

Answer 13

-little belly
-where brain and spinal cord connect
-conduit for nerve signals to and from body
-helps control vital processes like heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure

Question 14

Neuron to neuron

Answer 14

can be many different chemicals/neurotransmitters

Question 15

Gray matter vs. White matter

Answer 15

Gray matter: what you think with; short, non-myelinated neurons and cell bodies
White matter: conduction, myelinated and non-myelinated axons

Question 16

Axon terminal vs. Dendrite

Answer 16

Axon: sending, presynaptic neuron
Dendrite: receiving, postsynaptic neuron

Question 17

Brain markings: gyri, sulci, fissures

Answer 17

Gyri: mountain
Sulci: valley
Fissures: deep groves, i.e. between the two cerebral hemispheres and what separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

Question 18

Cerebellum

Answer 18

balance
vermis instead of fissure that separates hemispheres
proprioceptions, visual and equilibrium pathways
body position
coordination, balance, posture

Question 19

Meninges (three layers)

Answer 19

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 20

Dura mater

Answer 20

outermost layer:
- Meningeal layer
- Falx cerebri
- Falx cerebelli
- Tentorium cerebelli (transverse fissure)
- Epidural space
- Subdural space

Question 21

Arachnoid mater

Answer 21

middle layer:
- subarachnoid space; where cerebral spinal fluid

Question 22

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 22

protects brain and spinal fluid
ependymal cells (neuroglia cells)
produces cerebral spinal fluid