Chapter 10 Flashcards
Afferent pathway
Arrives
sensory input
from environment to sensory receptors
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
impulses only towards the brain
Efferent pathway
Exits
motor output
from brain to muscle
Central nervous system (CNS)
impulses only away from brain
Anterograde vs. Retrograde
Anterograde: from axon AWAY from soma
Retrograde: from axon toward soma
Myelin
Insulation
Resting Potential
Voltage
70 voltage
Refractory period
must rest
Rest vs. Action
Polarization
Rest: polarized
Action: depolarized
Diffusion vs. Pump
Diffusion: passive, with concentration gradient
Pump: needs ATP to function, goes against concentration gradient
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine (Ach) as the neurotransmitter
Regions of the brain
- cerebral hemisphere
- diencephalon
- cerebellum
- brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
Midbrain
- pain supression
substantia nigra (degeneration leads to Parkinson’s disease - reticular formation
-a relay system
-transmitting information necessary for vision and hearing
-motor movement, pain, and the sleep/wake cycle
Pons
- big belly
-links brain to spinal cord
-providing a route for signals to travel to and from brain
-several neurotransmitters in pons facilitate brain function, particularly sleep
Medulla oblongata
-little belly
-where brain and spinal cord connect
-conduit for nerve signals to and from body
-helps control vital processes like heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure
Neuron to neuron
can be many different chemicals/neurotransmitters
Gray matter vs. White matter
Gray matter: what you think with; short, non-myelinated neurons and cell bodies
White matter: conduction, myelinated and non-myelinated axons
Axon terminal vs. Dendrite
Axon: sending, presynaptic neuron
Dendrite: receiving, postsynaptic neuron
Brain markings: gyri, sulci, fissures
Gyri: mountain
Sulci: valley
Fissures: deep groves, i.e. between the two cerebral hemispheres and what separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
Cerebellum
balance
vermis instead of fissure that separates hemispheres
proprioceptions, visual and equilibrium pathways
body position
coordination, balance, posture
Meninges (three layers)
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Dura mater
outermost layer:
- Meningeal layer
- Falx cerebri
- Falx cerebelli
- Tentorium cerebelli (transverse fissure)
- Epidural space
- Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
middle layer:
- subarachnoid space; where cerebral spinal fluid
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
protects brain and spinal fluid
ependymal cells (neuroglia cells)
produces cerebral spinal fluid
