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A&P 1 > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain stem includes…

A

mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata

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2
Q

Midbrain function

A

pain suppression, reticular formation
- degeneration of substantia nigra leads to Parkinson’s disease

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3
Q

Cerebellum function

A

balance, proprioception, body position/posture, coordination
- vermis instead of fissure that separates hemispheres

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4
Q

Meninge layers

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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5
Q

Dura mater (outermost)

A

periosteal layer, meningeal layer, flax cerebra, flax cerebelli, tentorium (transverse fissure), epidural space, subdural space

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6
Q

Arachnoid mater (middle)

A

subarachnoid space

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7
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  • protects brain/spinal fluid
  • ependymal cells (neuroglia cells)
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8
Q

Stimulus binds to…

A

the receptor

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9
Q

channel opens…

A

allows ions to get in

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10
Q

local depolarization

A

local depolarization of the muscle cell plasma membrane opens voltage-gated Na+ channels in this membrane, allowing more Na+ to enter, which further depolarizes the membrane

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11
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Sensory receptors; specific
  • Sensory (afferent) fibers
  • Motor (efferent) fibers
  • Ganglion; cluster of neurosomas outside CNS
  • Nerves exit vertebral canal through intervertebral foramen
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12
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

touch, sound, vibration

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13
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

temperature

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14
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light, sight

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15
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

sense changes in the chemical composition of the blood

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16
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain

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17
Q

Exteroceptors

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors

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18
Q

Intereceptors

A

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors

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19
Q

Proprioceptors

A

mechanoreceptors

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20
Q

General receptors

A

touch, pressure, stretch, vibration

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21
Q

Special receptors

A

taste, vision, smell, hearing

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22
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

Sensation (gets stimulated) awareness of changes in environment
Perception (conscious interpretation): what you do with stimulus

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23
Q

Dorsal root

A
  • Ganglion (bulge); brings towards brain (afferent)
  • Sensory fibers
  • Afferent
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24
Q

Anterior/ventral root

A
  • Motor fibers
  • Efferent
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25
Q

Mixed nerves are…

A

both sensory and motor fibers

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26
Q

Sensory (afferent) nerves have impulses only…

A

toward CNS

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27
Q

Motor (efferent) nerves have impulses only…

A

away from CNS

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28
Q

Ganglia

A

autonomic motor neurons

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29
Q

reflex

A

autonomic response

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30
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves

A
  • Spinal nerves exit underneath their likewise vertebrae
  • Each spinal nerve connects to spinal cord via two roots
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31
Q

Intervertebral canal vs. Intervertebral foramen

A

Canal: spinal cord (donuts on top of each other)
Foramen: spinal nerves go out

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32
Q

Somas make…

A

gray matter

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33
Q

Axons make…

A

white matter

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34
Q

Nerve plexuses

A
  • Contains fibers from several different spinal nerves
  • Each limb muscles innervated by more than one
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35
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

C1 – C4
- Most form cutaneous nerves
- Phrenic nerve C3-C5

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36
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C5 – C8, T1
- Axillary nerve

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37
Q

Lumbar Plexus (lumbosacral plexus)

A

L1 – L4
- Femoral nerve
- Obturator nerve

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38
Q

Sacral Plexus (lumbosacral plexus)

A

L4 – S4
- Sciatic nerve
- Composed of two nerves; tibial and common fibular

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39
Q

Dermatomes

A
  • Map of jurisdiction
  • Nerve will innervate specific area from specific sensory information
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40
Q

Reflexes are…

A
  • Quick
  • Involuntary
  • Stimulation
  • Intrinsic = inborn
  • Acquired = learned
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41
Q

Reflec Arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integration center
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
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42
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

interneuron makes signal
activate skeletal muscle
Mediated by spinal cord
quick, cannot wait for brain
Stretch and flexor

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43
Q

Autonomic reflexes

A

activate visceral effectors (smooth/cardiac muscle)

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44
Q

Tendon organs

A

senses tension on tendon
triggers the reflex
proprioceptor: responds to excessive tension (muscle contraction response)

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45
Q

Nerve pathway

A
  1. Dorsal
  2. Interneuron
  3. Ventral
  4. Effector
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46
Q

Flexor reflex

A

Flexes joint

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47
Q

Crossed extension reflex

A
  • Contraction of opposite limb that is not flexing (i.e. one leg is flexing, the other is contracting)
  • Helps keep balance
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48
Q

Superficial reflexes

A
  • Gentle cutaneous stimulation
  • Plantar reflex  L4-S2
  • Abdominal reflex  T8-T12
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49
Q

Spinal cord

A

conduction
integration
locomotion
reflexes
protected by meninges
cauda equina

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50
Q

Conduction

A

the transmission of excitation through living tissue and especially nervous tissue. conduction of impulses to the brain

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51
Q

Integration

A

input and elicited response

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52
Q

Locomotion

A

repetitive coordinated contractions

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53
Q

Reflexes

A

involuntary responses to stimuli

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54
Q

Meninges

A

dura, arachnoid, pia

55
Q

Cauda equina

A

Nerve roots at end of spinal cord

56
Q

Ascending

A

up, sensory

57
Q

Descending

A

down, motor

58
Q

Transverse

A

both ascending, descending

59
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side

60
Q

Decussation points

A

when fiber crosses to other side

61
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

62
Q

First-order neuron

A

sensory neuron
- Detect stimulus from skin
- Stimulus to spinal cord

63
Q

Second-order neuron

A

integration neuron
- In thalamus

64
Q

Third-order neuron

A

motor neuron
- From thalamus to cortex

65
Q

Descending tracts…

A

carry motor

66
Q

Upper motor neuron

A

cortex

67
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

brain stem/spinal cord

68
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 -
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal

69
Q

Cranial nerves mnemonic

A

Oh oh oh take the anatomy final very good vacation sounds heavenly

70
Q

Cranial nerves (sensory/motor/both)

A

Sensory:
Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear

Motor:
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Accessory
Hypoglossal

Both:
Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

71
Q

Cranial nerves (sensory/motor/both) mnemonic

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

72
Q

Merocrine

A

exocytosis

73
Q

Apocrine

A

loses part of cell

74
Q

Holocrine

A

celll dies completely

75
Q

diaphoresis

A

sweat that you see

76
Q

perspiration

A

sweat that you don’t see

77
Q

How many layers does dermis have? What are they called?

A

2 layers; papillary and reticulum

78
Q

Papillary layer of dermis

A

upper, attached to basement membrane

79
Q

Reticulum layer of dermis

A

lower, attached to fat/hypodermis

80
Q

Apoptosis

A

no inflammation

81
Q

Afferent

A

Arrives

82
Q

Efferent

A

Exits

83
Q

Kidney: A WET BED

A

A – acid balance
W – water balance
E – electrolyte balance
T – toxin removal
B – blood pressure control
E – Erythropoietin making
D – Vitamin D metabolism

84
Q

Layers of skin (from outermost to innermost)

A
  1. Corneum
  2. Lucidum
  3. Granulosum
  4. Spinosum
  5. Basal
85
Q

Bone matrix

A

ossification

86
Q

osteoporosis

A

pores in bone get bigger

87
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage

88
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

external ear and epiglottis

89
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

meniscus of knee, vertebral disc, pubic symphysis

90
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

many joint surfaces
most commonly found in the ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea

91
Q

Appositional growth

A

chondroblasts grow into chondrocytes
- Grows in thickness
- B after A

92
Q

Interstitial growth

A

existing chondrocytes
- C after B

93
Q

Bone formation

A
  1. Baby no need for cartilage (osteoblasts build it)
  2. Trap blood vessels
  3. Becomes spongy bone
94
Q

Bone formation

A
  1. Starts in diaphysis
  2. Grows towards island in poles
  3. Growth plates have closed
95
Q

Blast

A

Blast, baby, build

96
Q

Cyte

A

Cyte, adult, maintain

97
Q

Clast

A

Clast, cut, release calcium to blood

98
Q

Genic

A

origin

99
Q

Osteon

A

function instructional unit of skeletal system

100
Q

Lacuna

A

Cyte
no babies in a jacuzzi

101
Q

Lamellae

A

concentric layers

102
Q

Lacunae

A

holes

103
Q

Canaliculi

A

tiny tunnels connecting cells together

104
Q

Periosteum

A

outside

105
Q

Endosteum

A

inside

106
Q

Chondro

A

cartilage

107
Q

Epiphysial plate

A

child/open

108
Q

Epiphysial line

A

adult/fused

109
Q

Storage of calcium

A
  • Pack calcium when there’s an excess of calcium in the blood
  • Release/take out when calcium needed elsewhere
  • Hormones = messengers
110
Q

Minerals/vitamins

A

crucial for function of skeletal system

111
Q

Excessive loss/low levels of vitamin D

A
  • Osteoporosis, rickets (child), osteomalacia (adult)
112
Q

Acromegaly

A

too much bone

113
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull and vertebral column
- C1 vertebrae doesn’t have a body
- C2 vertebrae has a dens as a body

114
Q

Clavicle

A
  • Medial  sternal
  • Middle  middle
  • Lateral  outside/acromial
115
Q

Capitulum

A

lateral, articulates with radius

116
Q

Trochlea

A

medial, articulates with ulna

117
Q

Fossa

A

stops for the bone

118
Q

Posterior fossa

A

olecranon, ulna

119
Q

Anterior fossa

A

coronoid fossa, radius

120
Q

Humerus

A
  • Greater tubercle
  • Lesser tubercle
  • Head/neck
  • Deltoid tuberosity
  • Epicondyles
  • Olecranon fossa
  • Coronoid fossa
  • Trochlea
  • Capitulum
121
Q

Femur

A
  • Greater trochanter
  • Lesser trochanter
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Epicondyle
  • Condyles
122
Q

Knuckles

A
  • Head of metacarpals
  • Thumb 1, pinky 5
123
Q

Ankle

A
  • Calcaneus
  • Talus
124
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • Innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
  • Make adjustments to keep balance (homeostasis)
  • Subconscious control
  • Use a two neuron chain
  • Preganglionic neuron  soma from spinal cord  ganglion  gives signal to effector organs (cardiac/smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissue)
125
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
126
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • Peripheral/spinal nerves (31)
  • Cranial nerves (12)
  • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)  common sense
  • Parasympathetic  “rest and digest”
  • Sympathetic  “fight or flight”
127
Q

Parasympathetic: (Ach)

A
  • myelinated  fast conduction
  • ganglion  Ach neurotransmitter
  • nonmyelinated postganglionic axon
  • long preganglionic  Ach
  • short postganglionic  Ach
128
Q

Sympathetic: (Ach/Norepinephrine)

A
  • myelinated preganglionic axon  Ach
  • nonmyelinated postganglionic  Norepinephrine
129
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

kidneys
- produces epinephrine/norepinephrine, releases them to blood

130
Q

Dual innervation

A
  • visceral organs  needs both divisions
131
Q

Differences/similarities of parasympathetic/sympathetic

A
  • parasympathetic = craniosacral division
  • sympathetic = thoracolumbar

*Effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on type of receptors
*Length of pre/post ganglionic axons

132
Q

Special senses

A
  • vision
  • taste
  • smell
  • hearing
  • equilibrium
133
Q

Vision: dominant sense

A
  • half of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing
  • eyes sounded by fat protected by bone
  • accessory structures: lacrimal apparatus
  • extrinsic eye muscles
  • conjunctiva
  • sclera

A&P 1 (11 decks)

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