Review Flashcards
- how close measurements are to each other
Precision
how close a measurement is to the true/accepted value
Accuracy
a tests ability to designate an individual with a disease as positive
Sensitivity
a tests ability to designate someone who does not have the disease as negative
Specificity
a graph which QC data is plotted to visualize whether a lab test is working well
Levey-jennings chart
inspection aspect of quality management; product oriented,
QC (quality Control)
relates to how a process is preformed, how a product is made
QA (quality Assurance)
Westgard Rules:
- 12s?
one measurement exceeds 2 standard deviations above or below the mean
Westgard Rules:
- 13s?
one measurement exceeds 3 standard deviations above or below the mean
Westgard Rules:
- 22s?
2 measurements in a row exceed 2 standard deviations above or below the mean
Westgard Rules:
- R4s?
two measurements in the same run have a standard deviation difference
Westgard Rules:
- 41s?
four measurements in a row exceed 1 standard deviation on the same side of the mean
Westgard Rules:
- 10x
10 measurements in a row are on the same side of the mean
reviews & accredits labs to ensure safety & patient care criteria
- CAP (College of American Pathologists)-
federal law that has standards to protect patient health & information
- HIPAA (health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act)
regulated labs to ensure they provide accurate, reliable & timely test results
- CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments)
like CLIA but national??
- COLA
Analyzers:
in regards to mixing, uses centrifugal force or flow turbulence. In terms of analyzers, discrete analyzers compartmentalize each test reaction (most of the ones we use currently)
Discrete
Analyzers:
in regards to mixing, uses mixing coils. In analyzers continuous refers to a single channel, sequential batch analyzer that cab provide single test results on multiple samples (~40)per hour. It has carry-over problems and is wasteful. We do not like or use.
Continuous
Prozone or Postzone?
too much antibody
Prozone
Prozone or Postzone?
too much antigen
post-zone
Passive agglutination: particles coated with ________.
antigen
Reverse Passive Agglutination: particle coated with _____________.
antibody
________ uses radioactive isotopes as labels and is very sensitive
RIA
What are the 3 major steps of PCR?
- Denaturing- when the nucleic acid is split into two, occurs at 95C
- Annealing- the primer strand attaches to the nucleic acid, occurs at 55C
- Extension- TAQ polymerase is used to build complementary strands in large amounts, occurs at 72C
- DNA and RNA separation; types of gels to separate nucleic acids?
- Agarose gels
Electrophoresis:
Proteins are ___________ (acid & base groups, net charge ++ in acidic base, 0 at higher pH and == (neg) at alkaline pH
amphoteric
Where do you load the sample with citrate agar?
the MIDDLE
___________ refers to the movement of molecules from one end of the buffer to another. In protein electrophoresis, positive ions in the buffer form a positive ion cloud, and this cloud moves in the direction of the cathode
Endosmosis
What will be seen with an Acute Inflammatory response on electrophoresis?
- Will show normal or decreased albumin
- Increased a1 and a2 globulins
What will be seen with liver disease on electrophoresis?
- Decreased albumin
- Decrease a1, a2 & B-globulins
- Increased IgA in gamma fraction
What does Cytometry measure?
measurement of physical/chemical characteristics of cells
is measurements made upon cells that are suspended in a fluid stream. The cells have to be able to be separated and not cohesive
Flow cytometry
What is Flow cytometry used for ?
- Immune panel (peripheral blood) to evaluate immune competency
- Oxidative Burst for detecting chronic granulomatous disease due diminished NADPH / oxidase activity
- Leukocyte Adhesion Markers
- Leukemia / lymphoma workup
- Analyzes the resistance created by each cell passing through an electrical field
- Counter principle is increased resistance that occurs when poorly conductive cells pass through the aperture
- Examples are Abbott, Beckman Coulter Inc. and Sysmex Corp
Electrical impedance
- Analyzes light scatter detected by each cells passing through a beam of light
- Siemens Healthcare, Sysmex Corp, Abbott Diagnostics
Light Scatter
