Review

Question 1

• how close measurements are to each other

Answer 1

Precision

Question 2

how close a measurement is to the true/accepted value

Answer 2

Accuracy

Question 3

a tests ability to designate an individual with a disease as positive

Answer 3

Sensitivity

Question 4

a tests ability to designate someone who does not have the disease as negative

Answer 4

Specificity

Question 5

a graph which QC data is plotted to visualize whether a lab test is working well

Answer 5

Levey-jennings chart

Question 6

inspection aspect of quality management; product oriented,

Answer 6

QC (quality Control)

Question 7

relates to how a process is preformed, how a product is made

Answer 7

QA (quality Assurance)

Question 8

Westgard Rules:

• 12s?

Answer 8

one measurement exceeds 2 standard deviations above or below the mean

Question 9

Westgard Rules:

• 13s?

Answer 9

one measurement exceeds 3 standard deviations above or below the mean

Question 10

Westgard Rules:

• 22s?

Answer 10

2 measurements in a row exceed 2 standard deviations above or below the mean

Question 11

Westgard Rules:

• R4s?

Answer 11

two measurements in the same run have a standard deviation difference

Question 12

Westgard Rules:

• 41s?

Answer 12

four measurements in a row exceed 1 standard deviation on the same side of the mean

Question 13

Westgard Rules:

• 10x

Answer 13

10 measurements in a row are on the same side of the mean

Question 14

reviews & accredits labs to ensure safety & patient care criteria

Answer 14

• CAP (College of American Pathologists)-

Question 15

federal law that has standards to protect patient health & information

Answer 15

• HIPAA (health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act)

Question 16

regulated labs to ensure they provide accurate, reliable & timely test results

Answer 16

• CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments)

Question 17

like CLIA but national??

Answer 17

• COLA

Question 18

Analyzers:

in regards to mixing, uses centrifugal force or flow turbulence. In terms of analyzers, discrete analyzers compartmentalize each test reaction (most of the ones we use currently)

Answer 18

Discrete

Question 19

Analyzers:

in regards to mixing, uses mixing coils. In analyzers continuous refers to a single channel, sequential batch analyzer that cab provide single test results on multiple samples (~40)per hour. It has carry-over problems and is wasteful. We do not like or use.

Answer 19

Continuous

Question 20

Prozone or Postzone?

too much antibody

Answer 20

Prozone

Question 21

Prozone or Postzone?

too much antigen

Answer 21

post-zone

Question 22

Passive agglutination: particles coated with ________.

Answer 22

antigen

Question 23

Reverse Passive Agglutination: particle coated with _____________.

Answer 23

antibody

Question 24

________ uses radioactive isotopes as labels and is very sensitive

Answer 24

RIA

Question 25

What are the 3 major steps of PCR?

Answer 25

1. Denaturing- when the nucleic acid is split into two, occurs at 95C 2. Annealing- the primer strand attaches to the nucleic acid, occurs at 55C 3. Extension- TAQ polymerase is used to build complementary strands in large amounts, occurs at 72C

Question 26

12. DNA and RNA separation; types of gels to separate nucleic acids?

Answer 26

* Agarose gels

Question 27

Electrophoresis: Proteins are ___________ (acid & base groups, net charge ++ in acidic base, 0 at higher pH and == (neg) at alkaline pH

Answer 27

amphoteric

Question 28

Where do you load the sample with citrate agar?

Answer 28

the MIDDLE

Question 29

___________ refers to the movement of molecules from one end of the buffer to another. In protein electrophoresis, positive ions in the buffer form a positive ion cloud, and this cloud moves in the direction of the cathode

Answer 29

Endosmosis

Question 30

What will be seen with an Acute Inflammatory response on electrophoresis?

Answer 30

1. Will show normal or decreased albumin 2. Increased a1 and a2 globulins

Question 31

What will be seen with liver disease on electrophoresis?

Answer 31

1. Decreased albumin 2. Decrease a1, a2 & B-globulins 3. Increased IgA in gamma fraction

Question 32

What does Cytometry measure?

Answer 32

measurement of physical/chemical characteristics of cells

Question 33

is measurements made upon cells that are suspended in a fluid stream. The cells have to be able to be separated and not cohesive

Answer 33

Flow cytometry

Question 34

What is Flow cytometry used for ?

Answer 34

- Immune panel (peripheral blood) to evaluate immune competency - Oxidative Burst for detecting chronic granulomatous disease due diminished NADPH / oxidase activity - Leukocyte Adhesion Markers - Leukemia / lymphoma workup

Question 35

- Analyzes the resistance created by each cell passing through an electrical field - Counter principle is increased resistance that occurs when poorly conductive cells pass through the aperture - Examples are Abbott, Beckman Coulter Inc. and Sysmex Corp

Answer 35

Electrical impedance

Question 36

- Analyzes light scatter detected by each cells passing through a beam of light - Siemens Healthcare, Sysmex Corp, Abbott Diagnostics

Answer 36

Light Scatter