REVIEW Flashcards
What is the difference between the moderates and the radicals?
Moderates: peaceful
Radicals: violent
Who are the main moderate leaders of the unified Assembly? (West and East)
Robert Baldwin: Canada West
Louis Hippolyte: Canada East
Who approved the use of French in the Assembly as an official language?
politicians from Canada West
Who approved budgets that favor trade?
politicians from Canada East
What is the common goal of the politicians from Canada West and East?
to obtain a Responsible Government
What happens to the economy of Canada in the 1840s?
The Canadian economy suffers a major setback when the British government removes its protective tariffs which had benefited Canadian food and timber exporters for 40 years
Which new market does Montreal find after facing bankruptcy?
USA
When was the Reciprocity Treaty signed?
1854
Which countries signed the Reciprocity Treaty?
Canada and USA
What does the Reciprocity Treaty allow?
It allowed Canada to ship its wheat and timber to American markets, in exchange for allowing the Americans to fish in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland
How many different governments did Canada have in 10 years?
10
Why did the British colonies consider unification in the 1860s?
- United Canada had a history of unstable governments
- Fear of American expansion into the Northwest Territories.
- Poor markets for Canadian goods
What was the Great Coalition?
a political alliance with the goal to unify the colonies of British North America.
Who were the 3 men involved in the Great Coalition?
- John A. Macdonald
- George-Etienne Cartier
- George Brown
(ABC)
What conferences were critical in the creation of Canada?
Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences of 1864
What were the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences?
They were two meetings where all the political leaders of the British colonies of Canada got together to discuss uniting the colonies to form a country
When did the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences take place?
Fall of 1864
What was the London Conference?
The final in a conference which resulted in the creation of Canada.
When was the London Conference?
December 4 1866
Who was the chairman of the London conference?
John A. Macdonald
What was the British North America Act?
It created the Dominion of Canada
When did the British North America Act occur?
July 1st, 1867
What is a synonym for the British North America Act
Confederation
How were the powers divided in Canada?
Federal- section 91 of the BNA Act - criminal law, postal service, banking, defence, Indian affairs, transportation
Provincial- section 92 of the BNA Act- education, health, municipal governments, roads, natural resources
What was the National Policy?
Created in 1879, it was John A. MacDonald’s economic program to improve Canada’s economy
What were the 3 main parts of the National Policy?
- Increase customs duties to protect Canadian companies from foreign competition
- Build a Transcontinental railroad to connect Canada to the West
- Encourage immigration to Western Canada
What was the Pacific Scandal?
It involved bribing members of the Conservative government to influence who got the railroad contract.
Who resigned because of the Pacific Scandal?
John A. Macdonald
Who replaced John A. Macdonald?
Alexander Mackenzie
True or False: Alexander Mackenzie was the leader of a Liberal government?
True
For what reasons did the Mcdonald government support the colonization of the Prairies?
- It felt that immigrants could grow enough wheat to feed Canada
- Immigrants constituted a new market for Canadian manufactured goods
What effects did the Transcontinental railroad have on the Métis and
Amerindians of the Prairies?
- It displaced them from their land
- The arrival of new settlers in the Prairies killed the buffalo, thus destroying their way of life
What was the Northwest Rebellion?
It was a fight between the Canadian military and the Métis and the Amerindians
Where did the Northwest Rebellion take place and when?
Saskatchewan in 1885
Who won the Northwest Rebellion?
The Canadians - forced Amerindians to live on reserves
Who did they capture during the Northwest Rebellion?
Louis Riel
What happened to the rural population of Quebec in the late 19th century?
- People left the farms to find jobs in factories in the cities of Montreal, Quebec and Sherbrooke
- The urban population
increased as the rural population decreased
How did the first phase of Industrialization affect Quebec?
- New factories were created in the cities
- The rural population moved to the cities in search of jobs in factories
- New working-class districts sprung up in the cities
What were some of the defining characteristics of the first phase of
Industrialization?
- Coal was the source of energy for the factory machines
- The capital for investments came from the British and Canadian entrepreneurs
- The goods produced were mostly sold in Canadian markets
- Trains and steamships were the main modes of transportation
- Factories were located in the big cities
- Most factories produced textiles, leather, food and tobacco
Who was involved in the Boer War?
Britain and South Africa
What impact did the Boer War have on Canada?
Britain wanted Canada to provide military support in the war between 1899 and 1902
True or False: English-Canadians wanted to send soldiers to help in the War, but French-Canadians were against it
True
What did Laurier do to compromise this situation with the Boer War?
Laurier tried to compromise by not imposing Conscription, but allowing volunteers to go to war
What other changes occurred in Montreal at the beginning of the 20th century thanks to Urbanization?
- There was a need for infrastructure to accommodate the needs of the growing population
- Streetlights were introduced in cities
- Running water began with new sewer systems
- Big department stores appeared
- Schools and hospitals and clinics were built
What were the major characteristics of the 2nd phase of Industrialization?
- It was based on the exploitation of natural resources such as copper, aluminum, nickel, and pulp and paper
- The capital (money) was invested by Americans
- Hydroelectricity became the main source of power for the factories
- The factories were located outside the cities, mostly in Shawinigan, the Saguenay and Ottawa valley
How were the working conditions in Quebec factories at the beginning of the 20th century?
The hours were still long and women were still paid less than men
What Federation was created at the beginning of the 20th century to protect the workers?
The Canadian Federation of Labour
When did WWI begin?
July 28th 1914
Why was Canada forced to join WWI?
Canada was forced to join because Britain still controlled its foreign affairs
What did Prime Minister Robert Borden impose during WWI?
Prime Minister Robert Borden imposed military service on all Canadian men between the ages of 18 and 45 to increase the number of Canadian soldiers in the war
What law did Prime Minister Borden create?
Military Service Act
Who was opposed to conscription?
French Canadians
What consequences did the Conscription Crisis have in Quebec?
- Riots broke out in Quebec City killing four people
- Many young men went into hiding instead of joining the army
- Quebec would not vote for the Conservative government again for 40 years
What was the Great Depression?
It was an economic crisis which lasted from 1929 until 1939.
What event triggered the Great Depression?
It started when the New York Stock Exchange crashed on October 24, 1929.
What is another name for the crash of the New York Stock Echange?
Black Thursday
How did the Great Depression impact Canadians daily lives?
- Factory workers faced unemployment and reduced wages
- Numerous families were evicted from their homes
- Marriages were delayed and fewer children were born
- The poor ate at soup kitchens and slept in shelters
What solutions did the government come up with to combat the
Depression?
- Public Works projects where manual labour was used to build roads, dig drainage ditches and build park
- Direct Aid was given to the poorest in the form of coupons which could be exchanged for food and clothing
- Back to Land policies where the Quebec government sent families to colonize Abitibi, Gaspesie and Cote-Nord
What reforms did the Godbout government undertake in Quebec?
- It nationalized the Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company creating Hydro-Quebec in 1944
- Made school compulsory until the age of 14
- Granted women the right to vote in Quebec elections
What differences are highlighted by Canada’s participation in both
World Wars?
- In World War 1: Canada had to join the war when Britain did and Canadian soldiers were under the command of British generals
- In World War 2: Canada had the option to join or not and Canada had its own army commanded by Canadian generals
What was the 2nd Conscription Crisis about?
Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had promised not to have Conscription at the beginning of the war.
However, when things started to go badly, he held a Plebiscite to ask Canadians to let him break his earlier promise
True or False: During the 2nd Conscription Crisis, when Prime Minister Mackenzie King held a plebiscite, English Canadians said NO, but French Canadians said YES
False: English Canadians said yes, but French Canadians said no
What are Residential schools?
- They were schools that were meant to educate Amerindian children
- These schools were meant to assimilate the Amerindians by forcing them to abandon their culture and language
True or False: Amerindian children were often forcibly taken from their parents and only returned to them once they had been fully assimilated
True
What is Americanism?
It’s an adoption in Quebec of the American way of life after World War 2
What were the main characteristics of a consumer society?
- Mass consumption emerged as people had the power to purchase the goods that they needed
- Credit became more accessible
- Advertising became a popular means of encouraging people to buy products
When was the Baby Boom?
1945-1960
What is the Baby Boom?
It was a period where the birth rate and the population in Canada rose dramatically.
How did urban agglomerations develop?
- The development of infrastructure, such as highways, allowed fast and easy access to the suburbs, such as Laval, Sainte-Foy and Longueuil allowing people to live further from their place of work
- New factories in the suburbs created jobs
Who was Maurice Duplessis?
He was the leader of L’Union Nationale and Premier of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and then from 1944 to 1959
True or False: Duplessis was conservative and defended the French-Canadian identity within Canada
True
When was la Grande Noirceur?
1945-1959
What was La Grande Noirceur?
It was the period between 1945 and 1959 when Maurice Duplessis, l’Union Nationale and the Catholic Church ruled French Canadians in Quebec with an iron fist. They were against modernizing Quebec
What characteristics defined the government of Maurice Duplessis?
- He opposed health care. The Church was allowed to run education and hospitals
- He favoured rural areas over urban areas
- He believed in Provincial autonomy: He refused Federal money for universities.
- He was against unions: He used the police to break up strikes in Murdochville and Asbestos
Who opposed Maurice Duplessis and his policies?
- Unions
- Intellectuals
- Media
Who co-founded the magazine Cité Libre to protest against Duplessis’ policies?
Pierre Elliott Trudeau
What is Secularism?
It aimed to limit the influence of the Church in the matters of State. It removed the Church’s influence in the running of schools and hospitals in Quebec
Which Revolution began a movement of secularism in Quebec as the Quebec government created the Ministry of Education and Health?
Quiet Revolution
What was the Quiet Revolution?
The Liberal party, led by Jean Lesage, wanted the Quebec government to get more involved in Quebec’s economy and everyday life
What french term reflects the secular French-Canadian will to take back control over Quebec’s society?
“Maitres chez nous”
What is a Welfare State?
It’s a government that intervenes socially and economically with the objective of improving the well-being of the entire population
What social trends occur in Quebec during the Quiet Revolution?
- A move towards secularization as the Church loses control over education and health
- Women gain greater independence and rights and are granted full legal status in 1964.
Who was the first woman elected to the Assembly?
Claire Kirkland-Casgrain
Why does the birthrate decrease in Quebec in the 1960s?
- Women were increasingly present in the labour market
- The use of birth control pills
- Not as much importance was placed on large families
What were the main reforms of the Quiet Revolution?
- Hospital insurance was created
- Crown Corporations were created as the Quebec government intervenes in the economy: Hydro-Quebec gains the monopoly of the electricity industry. SIDBEC controls the steel industry. La Caisse de Depots is created to manage the pensions of the government employees
- A significant increase in the number of civil servants
- Increased exploitation of Quebec’s natural resources: Development of James Bay and Manicouagan hydroelectric projects
Which 2 new political parties promoted Quebec independence?
- Ralliement National (RN)
- Rassemblement pour l’Independence Nationale (RIN)
Which president encouraged the independence movement in 1967?
Charles de Gaulle (France)
What was Charles de Gaulle’s famous cry?
“Vive le Quebec libre”
What occurred when the Parti Quebecois came to power in 1976, who was the Premier of Quebec?
René Lévesque became the Premier of Quebec
What did René Lévesque promise when he became the Premier?
He promised to consult the population in the form of a referendum before declaring Quebec a sovereign country
What is the Charter of the French Language (Bill 101)?
- Required the children of
immigrants to attend a Francophone school until the end of High School - Imposed French on commercial and public signs
What was the 1980 Quebec Referendum about?
It was based on sovereignty-association between Quebec and Canada meaning that Quebec would be politically independent, but tied to Canada economically
What did Trudeau promise to defeat the Referendum?
Renewed Federalism- which would better define Quebec’s role in Canada
Who won the 1980 Quebec Referendum?
The NO side won the Referendum with 60% of the vote
What does the term Renewed Federalism mean?
It refers to Pierre Trudeau’s attempt to create a strong, united and bilingual Canada.
What did the repatriation of the BNA Act become known as?
Constitution Act of 1982
True or False: Quebec, led by the PQ, was the only to province that refused to sign the new Canadian Constitution because it didn’t guarantee it’s veto right over Constitutional changes
True
Did Canada make any attempt to convince Quebec to sign the Canadian Constitution?
yes
Which Prime Minister tried to convince Quebec to sign the Canadian Constitution and how?
Prime Minister Mulroney
- Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords
Was Prime Minister Mulroney successful in convincing Quebec to sign the Canadian Constitution?
No
How did Quebec react to the failure of both Meech Lake and the Charlottetown accords?
The Parti Quebecois returned to power under the leadership of Jacques Parizeau and began to organize a new Referendum on Quebec sovereignty
When did the 2nd Quebec Referendum take place?
1995
Who won the second referendum?
The NO side won with 50.58% of the vote, narrowly beating the YES side
Which Prime Minister asked the Supreme Court of Canada whether the law permitted Quebec to separate from Canada?
Jean Chrétien
What was the Oka Crisis?
It was a land dispute between the Mohawks of Kanesatake and the residents of Oka
It led to an armed conflict between Mohawks and the Canadian army
True or False: The Oka Crisis was the third violent conflict between First Nations and Canadians in the 20th century
False, it was the 1st
Which countries signed NAFTA?
Canada, Mexico, USA
What did NAFTA allow?
Free Trade
What impact has an aging population had on Quebec?
- It’s forced the government to increase its healthcare spending as an aging population requires more medical attention
- The aging population has led to a decline in the workforce as they retire which has lead to a labour shortage
