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Christopher- History > Quebec's Quest for Independence and Canada's Place in the 21st Century > Flashcards

Quebec's Quest for Independence and Canada's Place in the 21st Century Flashcards

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1
Q

What social mesures does the Bourassa government adopt? (3)

A
  • Health Insurance Act
  • Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
  • Official Language Act (Bill 22)
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2
Q

What is the Health Insurance Act?

A

Gives Quebecers access to free medical services

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3
Q

What is the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms?

A

Recognizes that all individuals are equal

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4
Q

What language became the official language of Quebec with Bill 22?

A

French (+ limited access to English schools)

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5
Q

How did Bourassa contribute to the Hydroelectric development of Quebec?

A

It was his most ambitious project to stimulate economic growth
He proposed the largest hydroelectric development in the history of Quebec

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6
Q

What was Bourassa’s hydroelectric project?

A

Creating numerous hydroelectric dams on La Grande Rivière (LG) in Baie-James

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7
Q

What negative impact did the James Bay hydroelectric projects have on the Natives?

A

They threatened their traditional ways of life as they transformed the territory.

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8
Q

True or False: The Cree and Inuit had been consulted by the Quebec government?

A

False: They HAD NOT been consulted

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9
Q

What did the Indigenous people do to stop James Bay Project?

A

The Indigenous people took legal action to stop the James Bay Project until a negotiated settlement was reached with the Quebec government granting exclusive fishing and hunting rights to the Indigenous people on parts of the territory

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10
Q

What was the Indigenous people’s struggle in the 1970s?

A

The struggle was to get recognition of their ancestral land rights.

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11
Q

What organization did the Indigenous people create to help secure their ancestral land rights?

A

Native Council of Canada

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12
Q

When did the Federal government begin to address the Indigenous claims?

A

in 1974 when they set up the Office of Native Claims

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13
Q

What was the Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ)?

A

It was a terrorist nationalist organization that believed Quebec sovereignty could only be obtained through revolution.

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14
Q

What is an example of FLQ violence?

A

They targeted what they considered to be Anglophone power by planting bombs in mailboxes in Anglophone neighborhoods and at the Montreal Stock Exchange

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15
Q

What caused the October Crisis of 1970? (3 events)

A
  • The kidnapping of diplomat James Cross and the murder of Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte by the FLQ were the major sparks
  • Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau enacted the War Measures Act which allowed the Canadian army to occupy the province of Quebec
  • Over 400 separatists were exiled and the leaders of the FLQ were sent into exile
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16
Q

Which 3 unions represented the majority of unionized workers in Quebec?

A
  • CSN
  • FTQ
  • CEQ
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17
Q

What did the 3 unions form in 1972?

A

Common Front - to throw more weight behind their negotiations with the Quebec government

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18
Q

What was the significance of Bird Report?

A

It stated that women in Canada were still subjected to injustices. Feminist groups started making demands for pay equity, abortion rights, maternity leave and the establishment of childcare services

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19
Q

What was the impact of the Oil Crisis of 1973?

A
  • It ended 30 years of economic growth.
  • Canada had to deal with an oil shortage and a sharp increase in the price of oil.
  • This led to an increase in the cost of transportation and goods while creating economic instability where inflation reduced the population’s purchasing power
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20
Q

Who became the Premier of Quebec when the Parti Quebecois came into power in 1976?

A

René Lévesque

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21
Q

True or False: René Lévesque promised to consult the population in the form of a referendum before declaring Quebec a sovereign country

A

True

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22
Q

What reforms did the Parti Quebecois enact while in power?

A
  • Act Respecting Labour Standards
  • Automobile Insurance Act
  • Act to Govern the Financing of Political Parties
  • Act Respecting the Preservation of Agricultural Land
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23
Q

In what manner did Canada become a Multicultural Society? (1971, 1976)

A
  • 1971: Trudeau implemented the first policy to promote equality among the different cultures in Canada and recognition of indigenous rights
  • 1976: Trudeau adopted a new immigration act to promote the arrival of immigrants financially supported by family members already in Canada and refugees
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24
Q

What are some countries immigrants came from and why?

A

Haiti, Vietnam, Lebanon and Morocco= they spoke french

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25
Q

What was the Canada-Quebec Accord? And what year?

A

1991- gave the province the responsibility for integrating immigrants into it’s society

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26
Q

What is another name for the Charter of French Language?

A

Bill 101

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27
Q

What is the Charter of the French Language?

A
  • required the children of immigrants to attend a Francophone school until the end of High School
  • imposed French on commercial and public signs
28
Q

What impact did Bill 101 and the election of the Parti Quebecois have on the Anglophone population of Quebec?

A

It threatened their rights so many decided to leave: 90 000 Anglophones left Quebec between 1976-1981

29
Q

What is one city the Anglophones went to?

A

Toronto

30
Q

What was the 1980 Quebec Referendum about?

A
  • sovereignty-association between Quebec and Canada which means hat Quebec would be politically independent, but tied to Canada economically
31
Q

True or False: To defeat the Referendum, Trudeau promised a Renewed Federalism which would better define Quebec’s role in Canada

A

True

32
Q

Who won the 1980 Referendum?

A

No side (59.6%)

33
Q

What does Renewed Federalism mean?

A

Trudeau’s attempt to create a strong, united and bilingual Canada

34
Q

What act did Trudeau repatriate so that Canada had full power to amend the Canadian Constitution?

A

BNA Act

35
Q

What did the repatriation of the constitution become known as?

A

Constitutional Act of 1982

36
Q

Why did Quebec refuse to sign the new Canadian Constitution?

A

it didn’t guarantee it’s veto right over Constitutional changes

37
Q

True or False: 3 provinces refused to sign the new Canadian Constitution

A

False: only Quebec

38
Q

True or False: Canada made an attempt to convince Quebec to sign the Canadian Constitution?

A

True

39
Q

What were the 2 accords that Canada created to convince Quebec to sign the Canadian Constitution?

A

Meech Lake

Charlottetown

40
Q

Who was the Canadian Prime Minister who created the Meech and Charlottetown Accords?

A

Prime Minister Mulroney

41
Q

True or False: The Meech and Charlottetown Accords were successful?

A

False: Both failed when other provinces refused to accommodate Quebec

42
Q

How did Quebec react to the failure of both Meech Lake and the Charlottetown accords?

A
  • Lucien Bouchard created the Bloc Quebecois, which became the official party of opposition in Canada after the 1994 election
  • The Parti Quebecois returned to power under the leadership of Jacques Parizeau and began to organize a new Referendum on Quebec sovereignty in 1995
43
Q

Who won the 1995 Referendum?

A

No side (50.58%)

44
Q

Why did the Parti Quebecois put off any further Referendum?

A

To concentrate on the economy of Quebec

45
Q

What did the Supreme court tell Jean Chretien when he went to ask whether the law permitted Quebec to separate from Canada?

A

The Supreme Court determined that the Referendum question on sovereignty must be clear and supported by a “Clear Majority” of the voters before a province could separate from Canada

46
Q

What is the Clarity Act?

A

It states that the Federal government has to approve the
question presented to Quebecers in a Referendum on sovereignty. It also recommends that the majority of votes required be greater than the “50% plus one vote” rule

47
Q

What are the main issues that the Amerindians face today?

A
  • birthrate rose and is higher than Canadian average
  • Many younger Amerindians are losing their
    traditional culture and language
  • There is a high level of unemployment amongst the Amerindians
  • Suicide, the crime rate, alcoholism and sexual assault is much higher than the Canadian average
  • Amerindians have gained very little profit from Canadian exploitation of natural resources that are located on their land
48
Q

What was the Oka crisis?

A

It was a land dispute between the Mohawks of Kanesatake and the residents of Oka

49
Q

True or False: The Oka crisis led to an armed conflict between Mohawks and the Canadian army

A

True

50
Q

True or False: It was the third violent conflict between First Nations and Canadians in the 20th century

A

False: it was the FIRST

51
Q

What did the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples do for the Natives?

A

It granted Natives self-determination rights

52
Q

When was Nunavut created?

A

1999- gave Natives self-government in this territory

53
Q

When was the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada created?

A

2008

54
Q

What was the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada?

A

It hadthe goal of educating all Canadians about the atrocities that Natives had endured for years in Residential Schools

55
Q

What is the Paix des Braves?

A

It’s an agreement signed between the Cree and the Quebec government which allows Quebec to develop the James Bay area for hydro-electricity, mining and the forestry industry in exchange for paying the Cree $70 million per year until 2052 while also promoting the development of Cree businesses and recognizing their ancestral rights to this land

56
Q

How has Canada played a more prominent role in military interventions across the world?

A
  • Canada has participated in numerous “peacekeeping operations” in places like Kosovo and Rwanda under the banner of the United Nations Blue Helmets
  • After 9/11, Canada has taken a more significant role in military operations against terrorism in places such as Afghanistan
57
Q

What is Neo-Liberalism?

A

It means that the government tries to reduce its involvement in the economy
- A movement by the Canadian and Quebec governments to privatize, in other words, sell off its Crown Corporations such as Air Canada and Petro-Canada

58
Q

What countries sign NAFTA?

A

USA, Canada, Mexico

59
Q

What does NAFTA allow?

A

Free Trade between Mexico, USA and Canada

60
Q

Which trend does NAFTA help?

A

Globalization - by eliminating trade barriers

61
Q

What impact does Globalization have on Quebec’s economy?

A
  • It benefits Quebec by allowing it to increase its exports and to import materials at a lower cost
  • It causes manufacturing plants to leave Quebec for other countries where labor is cheaper
62
Q

What is Quebec Inc.?

A

It’s the name given to the partnership between the Quebec government and a group of Francophone investors whose
businesses grew thanks to the government’s support

63
Q

In what manner do people oppose Neo-Liberalism in Quebec?

A
  • Antiglobalization groups organize protest movements to denounce neo-liberalist policies and the government’s failure to address the growing gap between rich and poor
  • The Quebec Federation of Students called a student strike in 2012 to protest proposed tuition hikes by Jean Charest’s Liberal government
64
Q

What occurs during the devitalization of a community?

A
  • It leads to a reduction of services and an aging population in rural communities because the youth are moving to urban areas to find jobs
  • Single-industry towns, such as mining towns, often suffer from devitalization when the mine shuts down. It can even lead to the abandonment of the entire town
  • The population decline in rural regions can lead to a re-drawing of the electoral map as these communities lose their political weight in provincial elections
65
Q

How has farming in Quebec evolved in the 21st Century?

A
  • The modernization of agricultural industries has transformed some traditional farms into vast automated agricultural operations
  • The next generation of farmers, while highly educated, are having a difficult time raising the necessary capital to purchase the agricultural land which is becoming much more expensive

Christopher- History (5 decks)

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