La Grande Noirceur and the Quiet Revolution Flashcards
What was the Cold War?
It’s the name given to the confrontational relationship between the USA and the USSR after World War 2. This period was marked by distrust, propaganda, espionage, an arms race and the threat of nuclear war
What was Canada’s role during the Cold War?
- Canada signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to promote international trade
- The USA increased its exploitation of Canada’s natural resources and
increased its investments in Canada to meet its needs for raw materials
Who was Louis St-Laurent?
He was the 2nd Francophone Prime Minister of Canada (after WWII)
Why did the Federal government increasingly intervene in the economy after World War 2?
- To better manage the economic
cycles - To reduce the inequalities and ensure a better distribution of wealth and a comparable standard of living across Canada
What did the St. Lawrence Seaway allow?
It allowed transatlantic ships to reach the Great Lake
Who financed the St. Lawrence Seaway?
Canada and USA
In what year was the St. Lawrence Seaway created?
1954
When did Newfoundland become the 10th province of Canada?
1949
What is Americanism?
- It’s an adoption in Quebec of the American way of life after World War 2 - Quebecers start buying a multitude of American products (cars, food, records, tvs)
What were the main characteristics of a consumer society?
- Mass consumption
- Credit
- Advertising
What was the Baby Boom?
It was a period between 1945 and 1960 where the birth rate and the population in Canada rose dramatically.
What other factor led to a rise in the population of Canada after World War 2?
- Immigration (Western Europe, specifically from Italy, Greece, Britain, Hungary and Germany. Jewish too)
What happened to the Inuit communities during the Cold War?
- The Federal government’s interest in the North increased because of its strategic importance and potential for minerals and hydroelectricity
- Quebec created a school board in Northern Quebec that taught classes in the Inuit language
How did the First Nations voting privileges evolve?
-First Nations men obtained the right to
vote at Confederation and women at the same time as other women across
Canada. However, to exercise their right to vote, they had to renounce their Indian status.
-It was only in 1960 that the federal government granted First Nations people the right to vote without any restrictions
When was La Grande Noirceur?
1945-1959
What was La Grande Noirceur?
The period when Maurice Duplessis, l’Union Nationale and the Catholic Church ruled French Canadians in Quebec with an iron fist. They were against modernizing Quebec
How did Duplessis win the election again?
Duplessis used bribery and intimidation to get reelected.
True or False: Duplessis was for unions
FALSE: He was also anti-union, often using the police to break strikes
True or False: Duplessis pushed for greater provincial autonomy from the Federal government
TRUE
Who adopted the Quebec flag and in what year?
Duplessis in 1948
What flower is on the Quebec flag?
Fleur-de-Lys
What is Conservatism?
It values a traditional rural way of
life for French Canadians where the
Church maintains its traditional hold
over the people
Who are the 2 people most associated with Conservatism in Quebec?
Maurice Duplessis
Lionel Groulx
What is Clericalism?
It supports the involvement of the
Clergy (church) in politics.
Who favoured (was for) Clericalism in Quebec?
Clericalism was favored by the Union Nationale and Duplessis during their time in power
What characteristics defined the
government of Maurice Duplessis? (5)
■ He opposed health care. The Church was allowed to run education and hospitals
■ He favoured rural areas over urban areas
■ He believed in Provincial autonomy: He refused Federal money for universities. He took back income tax from the Federal government
■ He resorted to bribes and patronage to get re-elected
■ He was against unions: He used the police to break up strikes in Murdochville and Asbestos
How did Quebec’s economy develop under Duplessis?
■ He believed that the government should not intervene in the economy ■ He adopted measures to attract American investment to Quebec ■ American capital is invested in the exploitation of Quebec’s mining resources
In what manner did la Côte-Nord and Nouveau-Québec benefit from Duplessis’ policies?
- These regions were wanted by Americans for their huge supply of iron
- Mining towns such as Schefferville and Gagnon were established
- Railways were built in order to ship the iron to ports along the St.Lawrence
What impact did the exploitation of
natural resources have on Quebec’s
indigenous communities?
It impacted their way of life. They saw their traditional activities disrupted by these changes.
- Hunting was threatened by the construction of large hydroelectric dams that flooded much of their territory
What changes in agriculture
occurred during La Grande Noirceur?
He adopted policies to modernize farms by bringing electricity to the rural areas of Quebec
Who opposed Duplessis and his policies? (3)
- Unions: their workers wanted better
conditions and salaries - Intellectuals: they were university
students who wanted a better system of public education - Media: these were the artists, musicians and journalists. Pierre Elliott Trudeau co-founded the magazine Cité Libre, to protest against Duplessis’ policies
What led to the Richard Riot?
Following a violent altercation on March 13 when Richard hit a linesman, NHL president Clarence Campbell suspended him for the remainder of the 1954–55 NHL season, including the playoffs. The team’s large Francophone fan base claimed the length of the suspension was because Richard was a French-Canadian
What started the Richard Riot?
- March 17: Campbell was at the Montreal Forum for the Canadiens’ first game after Richard’s suspension.
- His presence provoked a riot at the Forum that spilled into the streets
What was Maurice Richard’s statement?
Accepted his punishment and promised to return the following year to help the team win the Stanley Cup
What resulted from the Richard Riot?
It became associated with issues identity and revealed tensions between
Francophones and Anglophones in Quebec
The sight of French Quebecers rioting over the suspension of a Quebec cultural icon like Richard has led many commentators to believe it was a significant factor in what?
the beginning of the Quiet Revolution
What led to the end of La Grande Noirceur?
Maurice Duplessis died in September, 1959 and was replaced by Paul Sauvé as Premier of Quebec.
What was Paul Sauvé’s slogan and what does it mean?
'’Désormais’’- from now on
What was Paul Sauvé’s plan?
Radically shift away from Duplessis’ policies
What is Secularism?
It aimed to limit the influence of the
Church in the matters of State.
It removed the Church’s influence in the running of schools and hospitals in Quebec
What did the Quebec government create that took away control of schools and hospitals from the Church?
Ministry of Education and Health
True or False: The Quiet Revolution happened before La Grande Noirceur
FALSE: La Grande Noirceur happened before the Quiet Revolution
True or False: The Cold War had many battles between the US and USSR armies?
FALSE: it was a confrontational relationship between the USA and the USSR
True or False: Duplessis used bribery and intimidation to get reelected?
TRUE
True or False: The 2 people most associated with Conservatism in Quebec are Maurice Duplessis and Paul Sauvé?
FALSE: Maurice Duplessis and Lionel Groulx
In what time period did La Grande Noirceur take place?
1945-1959
In what year did Paul Sauvé replace Duplessis?
1959
True or False: Maurice Duplessis was all for health care
FALSE: It aimed to limit the influence of the Church in the matters of State. It removed the Church’s influence in the running of schools and hospitals in Quebec
True or False: Sauvé’s goal was to continue Duplessis political plan
FALSE: Sauvé’s plan was to radically shift away from Duplessis’ policies
Who co-founded the magazine Cité Libre and why was it founded?
Pierre Elliott Trudeau - to protest against Duplessis’ policies
True or False: Duplessis favored urban areas over rural
FALSE: He favored rural areas over urban areas
True or False: Unions, Media and Intellectuals supported Duplessis and his policies?
FALSE: Unions, Media and Intellectuals opposed Maurice Duplessis and his policies
Why did unions oppose Duplessis?
their workers wanted better conditions and salaries
Why did intellectuals oppose Duplessis?
they were university students who wanted a better system of public education
What did the GATT promote?
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
international trade
True or False: Louis St-Laurent was the 2nd Francophone to become Prime Minister of Canda
TRUE
True or False: Mass consumption, media and advertising were the main characteristics of a consumer economy?
FALSE: Mass consumption, Credit, Advertising
True or False: Clericalism limits the Church’s involvement in politics
FALSE: Clericalism supports the involvement of the Clergy in politics
True or False: Clericalism and Secularism mean the same thing?
FALSE: They are opposite
- Clericalism: supports the involvement of the Clergy in politics
- Securalism: aimed to limit the influence of the Church in the matters of the State
True or False: Duplessis believed in Provincial autonomy
TRUE
