Reversed Electrolyte Flashcards
Hypocalcemia Causes
Inadequate intestinal absorption Massive blood administration Decreased Vitamin D and PTH Increased Calcitonin Level Alkalosis Pancreatitis Hypoalbuminemia Malnutrition
Hypercalcemia Causes
Hyperparathyroidism Calcium containing antacids Bone metastasis with resorption of calcium by breast, prostate, cervical cancer, and renal Tumors that produce PTH Excess Vitamin D
Hypocalcemia Manifestations
Increased neuromuscular excitability Tingling Muscle Cramps (Face, Hands and Feet) Osteoporosis and Fractures Intestinal cramping Hyperactive bowel sounds
Severe cases: convulsions
tetany
prolonged QT interval
cardiac arrest
Hypercalcemia Manifestations
Fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation, impaired renal function, kidney stones, dysrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, bone pain, osteoporosis, fractures
Hypermagnesemia Causes
Usually renal insufficiency or failure
excessive intake of magnesium containing antacids
Adrenal insufficiency
Hypomagnesemia Caused
Malnutrition,
malabsorption syndromes,
alcoholism,
urinary losses (renal tubular dysfunction, loop diuretics)
Hypermagnesemia Manifestations
Behavior changes, irritability, increased reflexes, muscle cramps ataxia nystagmus tetany convulsions tachycardia hypotension
Hypokalemia Causes
Hyperaldosteronism
Diuretics
Hypokalemia Manifestations
Flattened T-waves
AV block
bradycardia
paralytic ileus (nausea and vomiting)
Hyperkalemia Causes
Renal failure
Addison’s disease
Hyperkalemia should be investigated with
Hx of renal disease or failure Massive Trauma Insulin Deficiency Addison's disease use of potassium salt substitutes Metabolic acidosis
Hyponatremia Causes
Inadequate free water intake Inappropriate hypertonic solution administration over secretion of aldosterone Vomiting Diarrhea Kidney Failure Heart Failure Liver Failure (ascites)
Hyponatremia Manifestations
Headache Lethargy Confusion Seizures Coma
Hypophosphatemia Causes
Intestinal malabsorption related to Vitamin D deficiency
Magnesium and Aluminum Antacids
Long term alcohol abuse
Malabsorption syndromes
Respiratory Alkalosis
increased renal excretion associated with hyperparathyroidism
Hypophosphatemia Manifestations
Conditions related to reduced capacity for oxygen transport by red blood cells and disturbed energy metabolism
Leukocyte and Platelet dysfunction
Deranged nerve and muscle function
Severe cases:
irritability, confusion, numbness, coma, convulsions, respiratory failure due to muscle weakness, cardiomyopathies, bone resorption (leading to rickets or osteomalacia
