Genes, Environment-Lifestyle and Common Diseases Flashcards
Concordant trait
Shared by both members of a twin pair
Discordant trait
Not shared by both members of a twin pair
Congenital
Present at Birth
Polygenic
Variation is caused by combined effects of multiple genes
Multifactorial
Variation is caused by combined effects of environment and genes
According to the threshold model, multifactorial diseases that are either present or absent must exceed a _______ threshold before the disease occurs.
liability
________ to most single-gene disorders, occurrence of mulitfactorial disorders can change greatly from one population to another
In Contrast
Recurrence risks for multifactorial disorders are higher if _____ one family member is affected
More than
Many factors that can be measured numerically, such as blood pressure are
Multifactorial
Recurrence risks for multifactorial disorders are higher if the disease is _____ severe in the proband
more
Traits that have a ________ distribution usually are caused by additive effects of many genetic and environmental factors
Bell-shaped
Proband
An individual with whom a pedigree begins
Another name for identical twins
Monozygotic twins
Recurrence risks are calculated for single-gene disorders, but ________ risks may be calculated instead for multifactorial disorders
Empirical
Genetic variations that promote autoimmunity are associated with what type of diabetes
Type 1
