Cellular Biology

Question 1

Generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 1

Mitochondrion

Question 2

Synthesizes Proteins

Answer 2

Ribosome

Question 3

Processes and packages proteins for delivery

Answer 3

Golgi Apparatus

Question 4

Serves as a repository of genetic information

Answer 4

nucleus

Question 5

Synthesizes steroid hormones and folds proteins

Answer 5

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 6

Synthesizes ribosomes

Answer 6

nucleolus

Question 7

Difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote

Answer 7

A eukaryote has numerous organelles and a membrane surrounding its nucleus, but a prokaryote does not have organelles, and its genetic material is not organized into a nucleus

Question 8

Difference between the nucleolus and the nucleus

Answer 8

Nucleolus is a small, dense structure within the nucleus

Question 9

Difference between microtubules and microfilaments

Answer 9

Microtubules are small, somewhat rigid, single, unbranched protein tubes, but microfilaments are smaller, more flexible fibrils of actin that usually occur in bundles. Both are part of the cytoskeleton.

Question 10

Difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Answer 10

A hydrophilic substance attracts water. Ahydrophobic substance repels water

Question 11

Difference between a lysosome and peroxisome

Answer 11

Lysosomes and peroxisomes contain different enzymes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down molecules to their component parts, whereas peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes that are important in producing hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species

Question 12

Histones

Answer 12

Proteins in the nucleus that bind DNA and help regulate its activity

Question 13

Cells such as neutrophils that use hydrogen peroxide as a defensive weapon synthesize it in their

Answer 13

Peroxisomes

Question 14

A section of a membrane that is rich in cholesterol and helps organize membrane proteins is called a

Answer 14

Lipid Raft

Question 15

Secretory Vesicle

Answer 15

Delivers proteins that are secreted to their destinations

Question 16

Lysosome

Answer 16

Structure containing digestive enzymes

Question 17

Fibroblasts

Answer 17

Cells that secrete the extracellular matrix

Question 18

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 18

Mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes

Question 19

An ____________ solution has the same osmolality as normal body fluids

Answer 19

Isotonic

Question 20

In a simple epithelium, the epithelial cells are in contact with a ____________ membrane that provides support

Answer 20

Basement

Question 21

Characterized by only a few cells surrounded by a lot of extracellular matrix

Answer 21

Connective Tissue

Question 22

What type of cell is a myocyte

Answer 22

Muscle Cell

Question 23

Order of events during a neuronal action potential

Answer 23

Sodium permeability increases
Sodium ions move into the cell
Potassium permeability increases
Potassium ions leave the cell
Resting membrane potential is reestablished

Question 24

Phases of the normal cell cycle, starting with the phases that precedes DNA synthesis

Answer 24

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase

Question 25

The main difference between cells that divide rapidly and those that divide slowly is the amount of time they spend in the _____ phase of the cell cycle

Answer 25

G1

Question 26

Cells develop specialized functions through the process of

Answer 26

differentiation

Question 27

A particle that is dissolved

Answer 27

Solute

Question 28

Mitochondria need a lot of ________ to function normally

Answer 28

Oxygen

Question 29

During osmosis, ________ move across the plasma membrane

Answer 29

Water Molecules

Question 30

_________ signals act on nearby cells by _________ through intestinal fluid

Answer 30

Paracrine, Diffusion

Question 31

A cell that has an insufficient oxygen supply will not be able to perform the chemistry of

Answer 31

The Kreb's Cycle

Question 32

___________ can move substances against their concentration gradient

Answer 32

Active transport

Question 33

Receptors

Answer 33

Proteins that bind specific small molecules

Question 34

ER Stress Occurs when unfolded or misfolded ________ acuumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 34

Proteins

Question 35

Ligand

Answer 35

A substance that binds to a receptor

Question 36

Cavolae

Answer 36

Tiny flask-shaped pits in the outer surface of the plasma membrane that may be important locations for receptors or for entry of molecules into the cell

Question 37

Mechanotransduction

Answer 37

Translating mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals

Question 38

Amphipathic molecule

Answer 38

A molecule that has both a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part

Question 39

Endocytosis

Answer 39

Infolding of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle that enters the cell

Question 40

If the ECF becomes hypotonic, in which direction will water move

Answer 40

From ECF into the cell

Question 41

If the concentration of substance X in the ECF is higher than its concentration inside the cell, which direction will active transport move substance X

Answer 41

From the cell to ECF

Question 42

If the glucose concentration in the ECF is higher than its concentration inside the cell, in which direction will facilitated diffusion move glucose

Answer 42

From ECF into the cell

Question 43

In which direction does NA1, K1-ATPase move sodium ions

Answer 43

From the cell to ECF

Question 44

In which direction does NA+, K+-ATPase move potassium ions

Answer 44

From ECF into the cell

Question 45

A mutation affecting what function would cause a lysosomal storage disease

Answer 45

Lysosomal enzymes naturally digest nutrients, debris, and other items that should be removed from the cell. A mutation that causes dysfunction or lack of a lysosomal enzyme will allow items that cannot be digested to accumulate inside lysosomes, creating a lysosomal storage disease.

Question 46

How does the presence of gap junctions in cardiac muscle facilitate cardiac function

Answer 46

Gap junctions synchronize contractions of heart muscle cells through ionic coupling

Question 47

Explain why intracellular receptors do not use second messengers, but many cell surface receptors do

Answer 47

Cell surface receptors use second messengers because the ligand (first messenger) cannot enter the cell. Intracellular receptors do not need second messengers because the ligand enters the cell.

Question 48

Interphase portion of the cell cycle

Answer 48

During interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases), the cell increases its mass by producing DNA, RNA, protein, lipids, and other substances, and duplicates its chromosomes. These processes are necessary to prepare the cell for mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 49

8 chief cellular functions

Answer 49

``` Movement (Myocytes) Conductivity (Nerve Cells) Metabolic absorption (Kidney and Intestinal cells Secretion (adrenal gland, testis, ovary-hormonal steroids) Excretion Respiration (mitochondria) Reproduction Communication ```

Question 50

The largest membrane-bound organalle

Answer 50

Nucleus

Question 51

What are the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes called?

Answer 51

Hydrolases

Question 52

Plasma Membrane Functions

Answer 52

``` Structure Protection Activation of cell Transport Cell to cell interaction ```

Question 53

The basement membrane is a component of

Answer 53

The extracellular matrix