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Advanced Pathophysiology 19 > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

A

Mitochondrion

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2
Q

Synthesizes Proteins

A

Ribosome

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3
Q

Processes and packages proteins for delivery

A

Golgi Apparatus

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4
Q

Serves as a repository of genetic information

A

nucleus

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5
Q

Synthesizes steroid hormones and folds proteins

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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6
Q

Synthesizes ribosomes

A

nucleolus

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7
Q

Difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote

A

A eukaryote has numerous organelles and a membrane surrounding its nucleus, but a prokaryote does not have organelles, and its genetic material is not organized into a nucleus

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8
Q

Difference between the nucleolus and the nucleus

A

Nucleolus is a small, dense structure within the nucleus

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9
Q

Difference between microtubules and microfilaments

A

Microtubules are small, somewhat rigid, single, unbranched protein tubes, but microfilaments are smaller, more flexible fibrils of actin that usually occur in bundles. Both are part of the cytoskeleton.

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10
Q

Difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

A hydrophilic substance attracts water. Ahydrophobic substance repels water

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11
Q

Difference between a lysosome and peroxisome

A

Lysosomes and peroxisomes contain different enzymes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down molecules to their component parts, whereas peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes that are important in producing hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species

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12
Q

Histones

A

Proteins in the nucleus that bind DNA and help regulate its activity

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13
Q

Cells such as neutrophils that use hydrogen peroxide as a defensive weapon synthesize it in their

A

Peroxisomes

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14
Q

A section of a membrane that is rich in cholesterol and helps organize membrane proteins is called a

A

Lipid Raft

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15
Q

Secretory Vesicle

A

Delivers proteins that are secreted to their destinations

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16
Q

Lysosome

A

Structure containing digestive enzymes

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17
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Cells that secrete the extracellular matrix

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18
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes

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19
Q

An ____________ solution has the same osmolality as normal body fluids

A

Isotonic

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20
Q

In a simple epithelium, the epithelial cells are in contact with a ____________ membrane that provides support

A

Basement

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21
Q

Characterized by only a few cells surrounded by a lot of extracellular matrix

A

Connective Tissue

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22
Q

What type of cell is a myocyte

A

Muscle Cell

23
Q

Order of events during a neuronal action potential

A 
Sodium permeability increases
Sodium ions move into the cell
Potassium permeability increases
Potassium ions leave the cell
Resting membrane potential is reestablished
24
Q

Phases of the normal cell cycle, starting with the phases that precedes DNA synthesis

A

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase

25
Q

The main difference between cells that divide rapidly and those that divide slowly is the amount of time they spend in the _____ phase of the cell cycle

A

G1

26
Q

Cells develop specialized functions through the process of

A

differentiation

27
Q

A particle that is dissolved

A

Solute

28
Q

Mitochondria need a lot of ________ to function normally

A

Oxygen

29
Q

During osmosis, ________ move across the plasma membrane

A

Water Molecules

30
Q

_________ signals act on nearby cells by _________ through intestinal fluid

A

Paracrine, Diffusion

31
Q

A cell that has an insufficient oxygen supply will not be able to perform the chemistry of

A

The Kreb’s Cycle

32
Q

___________ can move substances against their concentration gradient

A

Active transport

33
Q

Receptors

A

Proteins that bind specific small molecules

34
Q

ER Stress Occurs when unfolded or misfolded ________ acuumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Proteins

35
Q

Ligand

A

A substance that binds to a receptor

36
Q

Cavolae

A

Tiny flask-shaped pits in the outer surface of the plasma membrane that may be important locations for receptors or for entry of molecules into the cell

37
Q

Mechanotransduction

A

Translating mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals

38
Q

Amphipathic molecule

A

A molecule that has both a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part

39
Q

Endocytosis

A

Infolding of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle that enters the cell

40
Q

If the ECF becomes hypotonic, in which direction will water move

A

From ECF into the cell

41
Q

If the concentration of substance X in the ECF is higher than its concentration inside the cell, which direction will active transport move substance X

A

From the cell to ECF

42
Q

If the glucose concentration in the ECF is higher than its concentration inside the cell, in which direction will facilitated diffusion move glucose

A

From ECF into the cell

43
Q

In which direction does NA1, K1-ATPase move sodium ions

A

From the cell to ECF

44
Q

In which direction does NA+, K+-ATPase move potassium ions

A

From ECF into the cell

45
Q

A mutation affecting what function would cause a lysosomal storage disease

A

Lysosomal enzymes naturally digest nutrients, debris, and other items that should be removed from the cell. A mutation that causes dysfunction or lack of a lysosomal enzyme will allow items that cannot be digested to accumulate inside lysosomes, creating a lysosomal storage disease.

46
Q

How does the presence of gap junctions in cardiac muscle facilitate cardiac function

A

Gap junctions synchronize contractions of heart muscle cells through ionic coupling

47
Q

Explain why intracellular receptors do not use second messengers, but many cell surface receptors do

A

Cell surface receptors use second messengers because the ligand (first messenger) cannot enter the cell. Intracellular receptors do not need second messengers because the ligand enters the cell.

48
Q

Interphase portion of the cell cycle

A

During interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases), the cell increases its mass by producing DNA, RNA, protein, lipids, and other substances, and duplicates its chromosomes. These processes are necessary to prepare the cell for mitosis and cytokinesis

49
Q

8 chief cellular functions

A 
Movement (Myocytes)
Conductivity (Nerve Cells)
Metabolic absorption (Kidney and Intestinal cells
Secretion (adrenal gland, testis, ovary-hormonal steroids)
Excretion
Respiration (mitochondria)
Reproduction 
Communication
50
Q

The largest membrane-bound organalle

A

Nucleus

51
Q

What are the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes called?

A

Hydrolases

52
Q

Plasma Membrane Functions

A 
Structure
Protection
Activation of cell
Transport
Cell to cell interaction
53
Q

The basement membrane is a component of

A

The extracellular matrix

Advanced Pathophysiology 19 (8 decks)

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