Cellular Biology Flashcards
Generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondrion
Synthesizes Proteins
Ribosome
Processes and packages proteins for delivery
Golgi Apparatus
Serves as a repository of genetic information
nucleus
Synthesizes steroid hormones and folds proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes ribosomes
nucleolus
Difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote
A eukaryote has numerous organelles and a membrane surrounding its nucleus, but a prokaryote does not have organelles, and its genetic material is not organized into a nucleus
Difference between the nucleolus and the nucleus
Nucleolus is a small, dense structure within the nucleus
Difference between microtubules and microfilaments
Microtubules are small, somewhat rigid, single, unbranched protein tubes, but microfilaments are smaller, more flexible fibrils of actin that usually occur in bundles. Both are part of the cytoskeleton.
Difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic
A hydrophilic substance attracts water. Ahydrophobic substance repels water
Difference between a lysosome and peroxisome
Lysosomes and peroxisomes contain different enzymes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down molecules to their component parts, whereas peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes that are important in producing hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species
Histones
Proteins in the nucleus that bind DNA and help regulate its activity
Cells such as neutrophils that use hydrogen peroxide as a defensive weapon synthesize it in their
Peroxisomes
A section of a membrane that is rich in cholesterol and helps organize membrane proteins is called a
Lipid Raft
Secretory Vesicle
Delivers proteins that are secreted to their destinations
Lysosome
Structure containing digestive enzymes
Fibroblasts
Cells that secrete the extracellular matrix
Hydrostatic Pressure
Mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes
An ____________ solution has the same osmolality as normal body fluids
Isotonic
In a simple epithelium, the epithelial cells are in contact with a ____________ membrane that provides support
Basement
Characterized by only a few cells surrounded by a lot of extracellular matrix
Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a myocyte
Muscle Cell
Order of events during a neuronal action potential
Sodium permeability increases Sodium ions move into the cell Potassium permeability increases Potassium ions leave the cell Resting membrane potential is reestablished
Phases of the normal cell cycle, starting with the phases that precedes DNA synthesis
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
The main difference between cells that divide rapidly and those that divide slowly is the amount of time they spend in the _____ phase of the cell cycle
G1
Cells develop specialized functions through the process of
differentiation
A particle that is dissolved
Solute
Mitochondria need a lot of ________ to function normally
Oxygen
During osmosis, ________ move across the plasma membrane
Water Molecules
_________ signals act on nearby cells by _________ through intestinal fluid
Paracrine, Diffusion
A cell that has an insufficient oxygen supply will not be able to perform the chemistry of
The Kreb’s Cycle
___________ can move substances against their concentration gradient
Active transport
Receptors
Proteins that bind specific small molecules
ER Stress Occurs when unfolded or misfolded ________ acuumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum
Proteins
Ligand
A substance that binds to a receptor
Cavolae
Tiny flask-shaped pits in the outer surface of the plasma membrane that may be important locations for receptors or for entry of molecules into the cell
Mechanotransduction
Translating mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals
Amphipathic molecule
A molecule that has both a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part
Endocytosis
Infolding of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle that enters the cell
If the ECF becomes hypotonic, in which direction will water move
From ECF into the cell
If the concentration of substance X in the ECF is higher than its concentration inside the cell, which direction will active transport move substance X
From the cell to ECF
If the glucose concentration in the ECF is higher than its concentration inside the cell, in which direction will facilitated diffusion move glucose
From ECF into the cell
In which direction does NA1, K1-ATPase move sodium ions
From the cell to ECF
In which direction does NA+, K+-ATPase move potassium ions
From ECF into the cell
A mutation affecting what function would cause a lysosomal storage disease
Lysosomal enzymes naturally digest nutrients, debris, and other items that should be removed from the cell. A mutation that causes dysfunction or lack of a lysosomal enzyme will allow items that cannot be digested to accumulate inside lysosomes, creating a lysosomal storage disease.
How does the presence of gap junctions in cardiac muscle facilitate cardiac function
Gap junctions synchronize contractions of heart muscle cells through ionic coupling
Explain why intracellular receptors do not use second messengers, but many cell surface receptors do
Cell surface receptors use second messengers because the ligand (first messenger) cannot enter the cell. Intracellular receptors do not need second messengers because the ligand enters the cell.
Interphase portion of the cell cycle
During interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases), the cell increases its mass by producing DNA, RNA, protein, lipids, and other substances, and duplicates its chromosomes. These processes are necessary to prepare the cell for mitosis and cytokinesis
8 chief cellular functions
Movement (Myocytes) Conductivity (Nerve Cells) Metabolic absorption (Kidney and Intestinal cells Secretion (adrenal gland, testis, ovary-hormonal steroids) Excretion Respiration (mitochondria) Reproduction Communication
The largest membrane-bound organalle
Nucleus
What are the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes called?
Hydrolases
Plasma Membrane Functions
Structure Protection Activation of cell Transport Cell to cell interaction
The basement membrane is a component of
The extracellular matrix
