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Advanced Pathophysiology 19 > Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology > Flashcards

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Stiffening of skeletal muscles after death

A

Rigor mortis

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2
Q

Unintentional decrease of core body temperature below 35C or 95F

A

Accidental hypothermia

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3
Q

A type of cellular housekeeping in which a cell digests some of its own components

A

Autophagy

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4
Q

Area of cell death in which dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by enzymes

A

Caseous necrosis

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5
Q

Area of cell death in which denatured proteins appear firm and opaque

A

Coagulative necrosis

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6
Q

An atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron

A

Free radical

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7
Q

Purple discoloration of dependent tissues after death

A

livor mortis

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8
Q

Cell death that involves orderly dismantling of cell components and packaging the remainders in vesicles

A

Apoptosis

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9
Q

Lining of uterus thickens after ovulation because of increased amounts of estrogen

A

Hyperplasia

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10
Q

Man who lifts weights regularly develops larger biceps

A

Hypertrophy

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11
Q

Thymus gland decreases in size during childhood

A

Atrophy

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12
Q

Columnar epithelium in bronchi of cigarette smoker is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium

A

Metaplasia

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13
Q

Captain of roller derby team has greater thigh diameter on left than right from skating clockwise

A

Hypertrophy

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14
Q

Left calf is smaller than right calf when cast is removed from it

A

Atrophy

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15
Q

Liver regenerates after surgical removal of damaged portion

A

Hyperplasia

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16
Q

Cell death by _______ causes inflammation, but cell death by __________ does not.

A

Necrosis, Apoptosis

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17
Q

Another name for Dysplasia

A

Atypical hyperplasia

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18
Q

Release of _________ ions from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm during ischemia damages the cell

A

Calcium

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19
Q

Compared with normal aerobic metabolism, cells that use anaerobic metabolism produce ______ ATP and _____ lactic acid

A

Less, more

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20
Q

Most important way to prevent medication-related poisoning deaths in children is

A

Safe storage of medications.

21
Q

Reactive oxygen species, such as ______, damage cells by attacking their _____

A

Superoxide radicals, membranes

22
Q

Postmortem changes _______ the inflammatory response

A

Do not involve

23
Q

Liquefactive necrosis occurs most commonly in the _________ because the cells there are rich in ________

A

Brain, hydrolases

24
Q

Why does Gangrene occur

A

Cells die of hypoxia and bacterial invasion

25
Q

Difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia

A

Hypertrophy increases tissue mass by keeping the same number of cells and making each individual cell larger, but hyperplasia increases tissue mass by increasing the number of cells.

26
Q

Difference between suffocation and strangulation

A

Suffocation occurs when oxygen fails to reach the blood, strangulation occurs when neck pressure collapses blood vessels, stopping blood flow to the brain

27
Q

Difference between an abrasion and a laceration

A

Abrasion is a scrape in which superficial skin layers have been removed, a laceration is a jagged or irregular tearing of tissues

28
Q

Difference between dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification

A

Dystrophic calcification occurs in dying and dead tissues but metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissues when plasma calcium concentration is too high

29
Q

Difference between a penetrating gunshot wound and a perforating gunshot wound

A

Penetrating gunshot wounds- bullet remains in the body

Perforating gunshot wound - bullet has exited the body

30
Q

Acute enzymes that dismantle the cellular components during apoptosis

A

Caspases

31
Q

Acute cellular swelling during ischemia is reversible if _____ is supplied quickly

A

Oxygen

32
Q

Acute tuberculosis disease is characterized by _________, whereas death of brain cells is characterized by ___________

A

Caseous, Liquiefactive

33
Q

During apoptosis, cell contents are contained in ________, which are removed by ____________

A

apoptotic bodies, phagocytosis

34
Q

Liver enzymes metabolize most blood ethanol to ________ which damages tissues

A

Acetaldehyde

35
Q

Excessive reactive oxygen species overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems causing

A

Oxidative stress

36
Q

Somatic Death

A

Death of the entire person

37
Q

Melanocyte

A

Epithelial cells which synthesize melanin

38
Q

Melanin accumulates in epithelial cells called

A

Keratinocytes

39
Q

Why would creatine kinase be found in the blood of a trauma patient

A

When cells undergo necrosis, the enzymes within the cell are released into the patient’s bloodstream. Creatine kinase is normally in skeletal muscle.

40
Q

Characteristics of apoptosis

A

Cell shrinks when its cytoskeleton is dismantled

Sections of the cell bud off into vesicles

41
Q

Why can high blood pressure cause an enlarged heart

A

The heart muscle has to work harder to pump against the high blood pressure which causes the muscle to enlarge

42
Q

Hypoxia

A

Partial deprivation of oxygen

43
Q

Ischemia

A

Lack of oxygen to tissues caused by insufficient blood supply

44
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells

45
Q

Pyknosis

A

Shrunken nucleus appearing as a small, dense mass

46
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Yellow-brown age pigament

47
Q

Karolysis

A

Nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin

48
Q

Sardopenia

A

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength

49
Q

Algor

A

Goes with mortis to denote postmortem reduction of body temperature

Advanced Pathophysiology 19 (8 decks)

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