Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards
Stiffening of skeletal muscles after death
Rigor mortis
Unintentional decrease of core body temperature below 35C or 95F
Accidental hypothermia
A type of cellular housekeeping in which a cell digests some of its own components
Autophagy
Area of cell death in which dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by enzymes
Caseous necrosis
Area of cell death in which denatured proteins appear firm and opaque
Coagulative necrosis
An atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron
Free radical
Purple discoloration of dependent tissues after death
livor mortis
Cell death that involves orderly dismantling of cell components and packaging the remainders in vesicles
Apoptosis
Lining of uterus thickens after ovulation because of increased amounts of estrogen
Hyperplasia
Man who lifts weights regularly develops larger biceps
Hypertrophy
Thymus gland decreases in size during childhood
Atrophy
Columnar epithelium in bronchi of cigarette smoker is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium
Metaplasia
Captain of roller derby team has greater thigh diameter on left than right from skating clockwise
Hypertrophy
Left calf is smaller than right calf when cast is removed from it
Atrophy
Liver regenerates after surgical removal of damaged portion
Hyperplasia
Cell death by _______ causes inflammation, but cell death by __________ does not.
Necrosis, Apoptosis
Another name for Dysplasia
Atypical hyperplasia
Release of _________ ions from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm during ischemia damages the cell
Calcium
Compared with normal aerobic metabolism, cells that use anaerobic metabolism produce ______ ATP and _____ lactic acid
Less, more
Most important way to prevent medication-related poisoning deaths in children is
Safe storage of medications.
Reactive oxygen species, such as ______, damage cells by attacking their _____
Superoxide radicals, membranes
Postmortem changes _______ the inflammatory response
Do not involve
Liquefactive necrosis occurs most commonly in the _________ because the cells there are rich in ________
Brain, hydrolases
Why does Gangrene occur
Cells die of hypoxia and bacterial invasion
Difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Hypertrophy increases tissue mass by keeping the same number of cells and making each individual cell larger, but hyperplasia increases tissue mass by increasing the number of cells.
Difference between suffocation and strangulation
Suffocation occurs when oxygen fails to reach the blood, strangulation occurs when neck pressure collapses blood vessels, stopping blood flow to the brain
Difference between an abrasion and a laceration
Abrasion is a scrape in which superficial skin layers have been removed, a laceration is a jagged or irregular tearing of tissues
Difference between dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification
Dystrophic calcification occurs in dying and dead tissues but metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissues when plasma calcium concentration is too high
Difference between a penetrating gunshot wound and a perforating gunshot wound
Penetrating gunshot wounds- bullet remains in the body
Perforating gunshot wound - bullet has exited the body
Acute enzymes that dismantle the cellular components during apoptosis
Caspases
Acute cellular swelling during ischemia is reversible if _____ is supplied quickly
Oxygen
Acute tuberculosis disease is characterized by _________, whereas death of brain cells is characterized by ___________
Caseous, Liquiefactive
During apoptosis, cell contents are contained in ________, which are removed by ____________
apoptotic bodies, phagocytosis
Liver enzymes metabolize most blood ethanol to ________ which damages tissues
Acetaldehyde
Excessive reactive oxygen species overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems causing
Oxidative stress
Somatic Death
Death of the entire person
Melanocyte
Epithelial cells which synthesize melanin
Melanin accumulates in epithelial cells called
Keratinocytes
Why would creatine kinase be found in the blood of a trauma patient
When cells undergo necrosis, the enzymes within the cell are released into the patient’s bloodstream. Creatine kinase is normally in skeletal muscle.
Characteristics of apoptosis
Cell shrinks when its cytoskeleton is dismantled
Sections of the cell bud off into vesicles
Why can high blood pressure cause an enlarged heart
The heart muscle has to work harder to pump against the high blood pressure which causes the muscle to enlarge
Hypoxia
Partial deprivation of oxygen
Ischemia
Lack of oxygen to tissues caused by insufficient blood supply
Dysplasia
Abnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells
Pyknosis
Shrunken nucleus appearing as a small, dense mass
Lipofuscin
Yellow-brown age pigament
Karolysis
Nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin
Sardopenia
Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength
Algor
Goes with mortis to denote postmortem reduction of body temperature
