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American history > Return To ‘Normalcy’ > Flashcards

Return To ‘Normalcy’ Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the value of the Stock market grow from 1925-1929?

A

1925 = $27 Billion
1929 = $87 Billion

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2
Q

How many share holders were there in the USA by summer 1929?

A

20 Million

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3
Q

What are three reasons for the Wall Street Crash?

A
  • The banking system
  • Over-speculation on the stock market
  • Avalibilty of easy credit
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4
Q

What was wrong with the banking system by the end of the 1920?

A

It was outdated
- Reserve banks favoured bankers (over nation)
- Local banks struggled (not part of centralised system)
- Interest rates kept low to keep market a float

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5
Q

What are four long term problems with the economy in the 1920’s?

A
  • Falling demand for consumer goods
  • Instability of the ‘get rich quick’ system
  • Problems with Agriculture
  • Problems with ‘old’ industries
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6
Q

What % of the US population lived below the poverty line?

A

42%

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7
Q

What did the population of Florida grow by from 1920-1925?

A

1920 = 968,000
1925 = 1.2 million

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8
Q

How much did wheat prices fall after WW1?

A

$2.5 a bushel
$1 a bushel

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9
Q

which ‘old’ industries struggled in the 1920’s?

A
  • Coal
  • Textiles
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10
Q

What happened in Florida in 1926?

A

Hurricane - Killed 400 people and left 50,000 homeless.
Caused thousands to go bankrupt due to investments in ‘Land boom’

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11
Q

What was the problems with Agriculture in the 1920’s?

A
  • Falling prices
  • Machenery led to overproduction
  • Couldn’t sell abroad due to high tariffs.
  • Competitive market (Canada)
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12
Q

Who became President after Wilson?

A

Warren Harding (1921-23)

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13
Q

Who became President after Harding?

A

Calvin Coolidge (1923-29)

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14
Q

Who became President after Coolidge?

A

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

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15
Q

Who were the three Presidents in the 1920’s?

A
  • Warren Harding (1921-23)
  • Calvin Coolidge (1923-29)
  • Herbert Hoover (1929-33)
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16
Q

What were Harding’s Policies?

A
  • Return to ‘Normalcy’
  • Little governemnt involment
  • Isolationism
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17
Q

What achievements did Harding have?

A
  • Returned to Normalcy - Was popular with the US people
  • Made good appointments
  • The Sheppard-Towner Maternity Aid Act
  • Cut Gov spenidng
  • Fordny-McCumber Act (1922)
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18
Q

How much did Hardinf cut government spending from 1920-1922

A

1920 = $5,000 million
1922 = $3,333

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19
Q

What was the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Aid Act?

A

Gave federal aid to encourange the development of infant and maternity health centers

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20
Q

What was the Fordney-McCumber Act?

A

1922
Increased protective tariffs

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21
Q

What were Harding’s shortcomings?

A
  • Scandel (Extramarital affairs)
  • Corruption (e.g Teapot Dome Scandel)
  • Limited Government intervention (achieved very little)
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22
Q

What were Cooliage’s achievements?

A
  • Very popular
  • No scandel
  • Continued ‘Million Plan’
  • Largest economic boom in US history
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23
Q

What were Coolidge’s failings?

A
  • Did very little
  • Didn’t speak up on American problems (named ‘Silent Cal’)
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24
Q

What was the ‘Mellon’s Plan’?

A
  • Low Tax
  • Low Interest Rates
  • Low Government Spending
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25
Q

What was the Revenue Act?

A

1924
- Cut income tax
- Part of the ‘Millions Plan’

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26
Q

What was Hoover’s economic beliefs?

A
  • Very laisez Faire attitude
  • Believed in rugged individualism - people should help themselves or others
  • Federal Government shouldn’t be involved
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27
Q

What was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff?

A

1930
- increased tariffs = increase in prices = no domestic demand + decrease in trading = over-production

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28
Q

What was the Revenue Act?

A
  • 1932
  • Increase in tax
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29
Q

Who were the Bonus Marchers and how did Hoover treat them?

A
  • Wanted to get their promised bonus from serving in world war early
  • Camped in Washington
  • He set the federal army on them = injured over 100
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30
Q

What was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation?

A
  • Began in Jan 1932
  • Let $2 bil to rescue banks, companies ect
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31
Q

What was the Emergency Relief & Construction Act?

A

1932
- Gave $300 mil to state governments to help unemployed

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32
Q

What was the Home Loan Bank Act?

A

1932
- stimulated house building
- Gave government loans to buy houses (but had to give a 50% deposit)

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33
Q

what was the Grain Stabilisation Corporation?

A

1930
- Government bought grain to keep prices up

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34
Q

What was the Agricultural Marketing Act?

A

1930
- Provided loans to farmers (Government backed)

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35
Q

what was the result of Hoover trying to help farmers?

A
  • It didn’t work
  • Were backed by artificially high prices and Tariffs increase meant less trade.
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36
Q

Why wasn’t Hoovers actions during the depression that bad?

A
  • Unprecident situation
  • 1930 Agricultural Marketing Act
  • 1930 Grain Stabilisation Corporation
  • 1932 Reconstruction Finance Corporaion
  • 1932 Emergency Relief and Construction Act
  • 1932 Home Loan Bank Act
  • FDR’s New Deal copied some of his policies
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37
Q

Why was Hoover’s actions during the depression bad?

A
  • Believed in Rugged individualism
  • Was involved in the 1920’s gov that added to depression
  • 1930 Hawley-Smoot Tariff
  • 1932 Revenue Act
  • 1932 Bonus Marchers Treatment
  • Public Opition - Blamed him (Hoovervilles)
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38
Q

What 9 factors explain the economic boom in the 1920’s?

A
  • Natural Resources
  • Laissez fair and Tax Policy
  • Rugged Individualism
  • Tariffs
  • Advertising
  • Credit
  • Business + Car Industry - Mass production, managment, road building
  • Stock Market Boom
  • Impact of WW1
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39
Q

How did Republican Policies lead to Economic Boom?

A
  • Laissez Faire + Tax - business increased, Mellon Plan (reduced tax)
  • Rugged Individualism - achievement based in hardwork - entreprencership
  • Tarrifs - Ford McCumber Tarriff 1922 - raised tariffs - decrease income tax
40
Q

How much did companies spend on Advertsing?

A
  • $3 billion ( x5 more than in 1914)
41
Q

What % of good were bought on credit?

A
  • 50%
42
Q

How did advertising and credit boost the economy?

A
  • Advertising - used psycologists to entice new consumer - boosted consumerism
  • Credit - Buy now pay later - meant more people could buy - boosted consumerism
43
Q

How did busniess and the car industry develop to create economic boom?

A
  • Mass Production Techniques - Ford’s Magic belt - Assembly line
  • New Managment techniques - companies merged - exploit plentiful material and work force
  • Road Building and Cars - led to development of motels and garages
44
Q

How quick could ford make a car?

A

1920 - 10 seconds
1913 - 3 minutes

45
Q

How many cars were there in 1929?

A

26 million cars

46
Q

how did the prices of cars reduce to?

A

$850 -> $295

47
Q

By 1929 how many miles of road were created a year?

A

10,000 miles

48
Q

What 6 outcomes came from WW1 that impacted economic boom?

A
  • Stopped Germany’s chemical industry - America took over - Exported $281 million
  • Technological advancements - stimulated new products e.g plastic
  • By 1920 - US was the worlds largest industrial nation
  • Loans to Allies returned
  • Properganda improved advertising
  • Sent resourses to both sides
49
Q

How did WW1 show progression for women?

A
  • 1 million helped with war effort
  • 100,000 served in army in europe
50
Q

How did WW1 show a lack of progression for women?

A
  • Mainly worked as nurses or admistrative jobs
  • Lost their jobs after the war
51
Q

How did politic show progression for women in the 1920’s?

A
  • Recived the vote in 1920 - 19th Ammendment
  • Wyoming elected first female govener 1924
  • Seattle had first female mayor 1926
52
Q

What was the 19th Ammendment?

A

Gave women the right to vote

53
Q

How did politics demonstrate a lack of progression for women in the 1920’s?

A
  • Few became politicans
  • Equal rights ammendment failed to become law
54
Q

How did employment show progression for women in the 1920’s?

A
  • Female employment rose by 2 million from 1920-30
  • 1930 - 1/3 of degrees went to women.
  • Female movie stars
55
Q

How did employment show a lack of progression for women in the 1920’s?

A
  • Most had low paying jobs
  • Expected to give up work when married
  • Medical school only gave 5% of places to women
  • Only 4% of university employees
56
Q

How did Flappers show progression for women in the 1920’s?

A
  • Made of middle to upper class living in the north
  • Short skirts, makeup, smoked, the charlston
57
Q

What did Margaret Sanger found?

A
  • The American Birth Control League 1921
58
Q

What did many traditional women join?

A
  • Anti- flirt league - retalliation to Flappers
59
Q

what was the Comstock Act?

A
  • Created in 1873
  • Banned articles on contraception
60
Q

Who didn’t share in the economic prosperity in the 1920’s?

A
  • Women
  • Farmers
  • Old Industries
  • African Americans
  • New Immigrants
61
Q

What was the problem with farming in the 1920’s?

A

Mechanisation -> Overproduction -> Prices fell -> Farmers lose land and rural banks go bust

62
Q

Why did prohibition fail?

A
  • Couldn’t enforce - not enough agents
  • Demand for alcohol - drank underground
  • Geographical difficulties - couldn’t prevent smuggling
  • Suppliers
63
Q

What were bootleggers?

A
  • Manufactored and distrubuted alchol
64
Q

What was moonshine?

A
  • Secretly manufactored alcohol
65
Q

Who was the famous Chicago mobster?

A

Al Capone

66
Q

How many gang murders were there from 1927-1930?

A

227

67
Q

When was the Valentines day Massacer

A

1929

68
Q

What was the 18th Ammendment?

A
  • Enforced prohibition
  • Acohol couldn’t be sold, transferred or made
  • 1919
69
Q

What act defended Prohibition?

A
  • 1920 Volstead Act
  • For drinks with more than 0.5% of acohol
70
Q

When did Prohibition last til?

A
  • 1933
71
Q

What 6 reasons were behind the introduction of Prohibition?

A
  • Big Business - drinking reduced productivity
  • Poverty - believed drinking contributed to poverty
  • Women - Christian Temperance Union
  • Brewery’s were German Sounding
  • World War 1 - unpatriotic to drink
  • Anti-Saloon league - campaigned on the negative effects of acohol.
72
Q

Which womens group campaigned for prohibition

A

Women’s Christian Tempermance Union
- Believed it was a sin

73
Q

What 3 reasons could show prohibition as a success?

A
  • Fewer industrial and Road accidents
  • Less deaths from alcoholism and liver cirrhosis
  • Total alcohol consumption fell
74
Q

What are 3 reasons that show Prohibition as a failiure?

A
  • Illegal drinking made criminals of normal people - law was widely broke
  • The Wickerman Commission of 1929 said it was unenforceable
  • Government lost alcohol tax revenues and had to spend money on enforcement
75
Q

Where was the KKK first revived and by who?

A
  • Atlanta
  • William Simmons
76
Q

Who was the new leader of the KKK?

A

Hiram Evans

77
Q

What did KKK membership go from in 1920 to 1925?

A

1920 - 100,000
1925 - 5 million

78
Q

What did the KKK do in 1925?

A

— Marched on Washington
- Showed power and that they weren’t just in the south.

79
Q

What violent crimes continued towards black people in 1920’s?

A
  • Lynching
  • Tarred and Feathered
  • Beating and intimidation
80
Q

What film inspired the Revival of the KKK?

A

“Birth of a Nation”
- showed the KKK in a postive light after the civil war.

81
Q

What are 3 reasons behing the growth of the KKK?

A
  • “Birth Of a Nation”
  • Increasing Industrialistion, urbanisation and Immigration
  • Resentment to African Americans in WW1
82
Q

What are the 5 reasons for the decline in the KKK from 1925?

A
  • Scandel - David Stephenson convicted of rape
  • Fraud
  • Quotas - anti-immigrantion feeling reduced
  • Prosperity - rising income reduced hatred
  • Politics - politicans dissociated
83
Q

Who effected the KKK’s Moral Image?

A
  • 1925
  • David Stephenson
  • Convicted of rape and murder
84
Q

Why didn’t African American’s share in the economic prosperity?

A
  • 85% lived in the south - poorest area
  • Unskilled so lacked employment opputunities except from in labour market
  • Majority were farmers (not benefited)
  • Northerners lived in “Ghettos”
85
Q

Why was there growing injustice to Immigrants in the early 1920’s?

A
  • WASP Prejudices - religious differences, culterally seen as inferior (drunk, lacked eductation)
  • Red Scare - spread of communism
  • Economic - trade unions opposed them
  • WW1 - feared increase would lead them to another war
86
Q

What was thw Emergency Quotas Act?

A
  • 1921
  • Only 3% of ethnic groups already in the US since 1910 could enter
  • Limited imigration to 350,000 a year
87
Q

What is the National Origins Act?

A

-1924
- Reduced to 2% - based on 1890 census
- No Asians

88
Q

What was the trial of two immigrans in the 1920’s?

A

Sacco and Vanzetti
- Immigrants
- Both accused of murder
- Unfair trial - many witnesses were unsure on what they saw
- Found Guilty

89
Q

What was Black Thurday?

A
  • 24th of October 1929
  • Panic selling - 13 million shares
90
Q

What was Black Tuesday?

A
  • 29th October 1929
  • 16million shares traded - huge losses
  • 40% of the value of the stockmarket was lost
91
Q

What did unemployment rise to by 1932?

A
  • 1.6 million to 16 million
  • 3% to 25%
92
Q

What was a Hoovervile?

A
  • Shanty town
93
Q

What was a hooverblanket?

A
  • Newpaper
94
Q

How many banks failed in March 1933?

A

5,500

95
Q

What was a major effect that the Wall Street Crash had on banking?

A
  • The Bank of the United States Closed
96
Q

How much did the economy shrink by in 1932?

A
  • 15% (was 14.7% the year before - so only getting worse)

American history (5 decks)

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