Reconstruction Flashcards
1
Q
Which President began reconstruction?
A
Abraham Lincoln
2
Q
What are some difference between the North and South?
A
- North had bigger industry
- South valued slavery and honour, North = Freedom
-North was more educated - South wanted states to have power
3
Q
Why did the south want to keep slaves?
A
- Backbone of their economy
- Believed freedom would cause social degradation
4
Q
How many slaves were in the south in 1860?
A
4 million
5
Q
What was life like for the slaves?
A
They were punished, branded, sexually exploited etc
6
Q
Why did the Civil War begin?
A
Many years of build up resentment from south.
Lincoln became president and wanted to end slavery
11 southern states formed the confederacy.
7
Q
How many deaths did the Civil War result in?
A
600,000 - more than any other war
8
Q
How was the North Effected by the Civil War?
A
- Wasn’t really effected
- Experienced Prosperity
- Wealth increased by 50%
9
Q
How was the south affected by the war?
A
-It was crippled
-$1.1 billion in damages
10
Q
When and what was the Emancipation Proclamation?
A
- January 1863
- Freed 3.5 million slaves
11
Q
How did Lincoln want to deal with Reconstruction?
A
- Not too harsh on south
- Rights for ex-slaves
12
Q
When and what was the 10% plan?
A
- April 1864
- 10% of a states electorate must a agree to an oath of alliance to union (including allowing African American the vote)
13
Q
What did congress think of the 10% Plan?
A
Thought it wasn’t harsh enough
14
Q
What are some reforms Lincoln put in place?
A
- 10% Plan
-13th Amendment - Emancipation Proclamation
- Freedman Bureau
15
Q
How did Republicans go against 10% plan?
A
- Brought forwards Wade-Davis Bill
- Required 50% of electorate
- Revoked any role in government
- Charged to abolish Slavery
- Lincoln vetoed it
16
Q
What and when was the 13th Amendment?
A
- Freed all slaves
- January 1865
17
Q
What and when was the Freedman’s Bureau?
A
- March 1865
- Set out to help former slaves
18
Q
Who took over once Lincoln was assassinated?
A
- Andrew Johnson
- Democrat = more lenient with south
19
Q
How did Johnson want to deal with Reconstruction?
A
- Wanted Quick re-admitting of southern states
- Didn’t care about slaves
- Accepted Wade-Davis bill but allowed more freedom
20
Q
What and When was the Civil Rights Bill?
A
- 1866
- Made after Johnson vetoed a bill to strengthen rights of Freedman’s bureau
- Gave some more rights to blacks
- Johnson Vetoed it, but congress overturned veto.
21
Q
What happened because Johnson didn’t care about helping ex-slaves?
A
- South developed Black Codes
- Meant they could’t rent land or have interracial marriages
22
Q
What and When was the 14th Amendment?
A
- Gave African Americans Citizenship
- Made sure bill of rights couldn’t be changed
- Rejected by all ex-confederate states
23
Q
What Bills were passed to weaken Johnson?
A
- The Military Reconstruction Bill, 1867 - Military occupation in south
- The Command of the Army Act - Weakened Johnsons command of army
- Tenure of Office Act - He couldn’t fire or hire his cabinet
24
Q
What started radical reconstruction?
A
- 1866 election increased amount of Republicans in south
25
Why did congress try to impeach Johnson?
- He ignored the Tenure of Office Act
26
What happened when Congress tried to Impeach Johnson?
- Lost by 1 vote
- Showed that they could impeach him if they wanted to
27
Who became president after Johnson?
- Ulysses S. Grant
- Ex - General picked by Republicans - allow more radical reconstruction
28
How did radical reconstruction continue with Grant?
- 15th Amendment 1869
- Force Act 1870
- Ku Klux Klan Act 1870
- Further Civil Rights Act 1875
- All southern states re admitted by 1870
29
What and when was the 15th Amendment?
- 1869
- Gave African Americans right to vote
30
What Scandel’s was Grant involved in?
- Gold Ring 1869
- Salary Grab 1873
- Whisky Ring 1875
31
What was triggered by Grant in 1873?
An economic Depression
32
Which election resulted in the end of reconstruction?
The 1876 election and compromise of 1877
33
What happened in the 1876 election?
- Rutherford Hayes was the Republican candidate.
Although he didn’t get the most amount of votes, he got the highest amount of electoral collage votes - so became president
34
What was the Compromise of 1877?
When Hayes became President, he agreed to remove military from south in return for democratic support
35
How can Reconstruction be seen as a success for African Americans ?
- 13th, 14th, 15th Amendment
-Freedman’s Bureau
- Force and KKK Act
- Civil Rights Act
- 70,000 got education
36
How can Reconstruction be seen as a failure for African Americans ?
- Black Codes in south
- KKK established
-1877 compromise removed military from south (protection)
- Sharecropping = slavery without name
- Jim Crow law introduced segregation
- Treated as 2nd Class citizens
37
How did southern Resistance cause reconstruction to fail?
- Reedmer Governments - Brought back democratic power
- KKK and White League
- Black Codes
- Military Reconstruction act
- Resentment of Sharecropping
38
What 4 factors caused reconstruction to fail?
- Southern Resistence
- Federal Political Differences
- Corruption and Comprimise
- Economic/other
39
How did Federal Differences cause reconstruction to fail?
- Lincolns assassination
- Johnson’s impeachment
- Veto President
- Radical/congressional reconstruction
40
How did Corruption and Compromise cause reconstruction to fail?
- Whisky and Gold Ring
- Salary Grab
- Election of 1876
- 1877 Compromise
41
How did economic and other factors cause reconstruction to fail?
- 1873 depression caused Falling of cotton prices
- Black Codes
42
What 8 factors led to economic growth in the 1870’s?
- Civil War
- Availablity of land
- Population Growth
- Transport (railroads)
- Available Capital
- Role of Government
- Corporations and Trusts
- Technology
43
How did the civil war stimulate economic growth in the 1870’s
- Weapon production led to better manufacturing programs
- More money in circulation (loads) led to a better banking system and paper currency (United States Note)
- Tariffs were introduced to protect American Goods
44
How did the availability of land lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?
- Market for manufactured products
- Developed railroads
- Land was fertile - mass production of wheat
- Greater demand for food = better mechanisation in agriculture
45
How did the population growth lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?
- More Cheap Labour
- Also added to by mass immigration from Europe and Asia
- Led to more consumers and demand for coal, clothes and food
46
How much did the US population grow by between 1860 and 1880?
1860 = 31.5 million
1880 = 50 million
47
How did transport lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?
Railroads massively increases. Led to:
- More jobs
- increased steel production
- technological advancements
- Market Growth
48
How much railroad was placed between 1868 and 1873?
53,000 km
49
How did railtrack mileage change from 1860 to 1880?
It tripled
50
How did the availability of capital lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?
- Encouraged the development of the stock market
- Had an annual turnover of $6 billion
- By 1890 it became the 2nd largest stock market
- increased growth of businesses
51
How did the role of the government lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?
Had little import on economy
- allowed big business to do whatever they wanted
- No laws on labour hours and conditions
- Introduction of tariffs meant US goods became cheaper
52
How did corporations and trusts lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?
- Lack of government led to more corporation and trusts
- Allowed companies like standard oil to thrive
53
How did technology lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?
- Inventions like the Bessemer Converter allowed Carnegie to cheaply and quickly produce steel
54
What were 3 effects of economic growth?
- Depression of 1873
- Urbanisation
- Agriculture
55
What caused the Depression of 1873?
- Economical Reversal in Europe
- Poor state of American Bank System (privately owned)
- Principle inventor of the Northern Pacific RailRoad went bankrupt
56
What were the consequences of the 1873 Depression?
- New York Stock Exchange closed for 10 days and credit dried up
- Factories closed = thousands of workers laid off
- Major Railroads failed
57
How did was Urbanisation affected by economic growth?
- Industrial development meant more people moved to cities
- Cities were mainly developed near seas or lake for transport
- Cities were identified by what they traded in (New York = Shirt Collars)
58
An example of the increased urbanisation in 1870’s
- Chicago population went from 30,000 in 1850, to over 1 million in 1890
59
How did urban growth affect living conditions?
- Poor living conditions
- Housing was built quickly
- More corruption
- ‘Boss system’ was implemented - sell housing, employment to highest bidder. Give away housing etc to immigrants or African Americans in return for their vote
60
How did economic growth affect agriculture?
- Did not prosper (specially small farms)
- Lots of dept
- Overdepenace on unstable foreign markets
- Prices kept dropping = couldn’t repay loans/
61
What was ‘Manifest Destiny’?
- Belief that American’s had the god given right to populate the land
- Divine Right
- Spread Christian and republicans values
62
What 4 developments encouraged westward expansion?
- Federal Territories
- Homestead Act 1862
- Railroads
- 2nd Gold Rush
63
What were the federal territories?
- Areas governed by officials appointed by federal government.
- Populated open spaces
- Areas became subject to US law
- when Population reached 60,000 - could apply to become a state
64
What and when was the Homestead Act?
- 1862
- Gave away 160-acre plots for farmer to farm land for 5 years
- By 1865 there were over 20,000
- $10 claiming fee and $2 commission
65
What acts followed the Homestead Act?
- The Timber and Culture Act (1873) - additional 160 acres ( as long as 40 acres was trees)
- The Desert and Land Act (1877) - Further 640 acres at $1.25 ( as long as some of it was irrigated)
66
What were the push and pull factors to expansion west?
Push:
- Migration (due to poverty and unemployment)
- Religious persecution
- Ex-soldiers
Pull:
- Cheap Land
-Chance for a new start
67
How did the railroads effect expansion westwards?
Railroads meant migration to the west.
- Pacific Railroad act gave two companies right to build transatlantic railroads.
- This distrusted the lives of Native Americans by disrupting Buffulo herds and buying land
68
How did the 2nd gold rush effect westward expansion?
- Began in Black Hills of Dakota
- Then in Deadwood (thousand flocked)
- Although area belonged to Native American tribes - this rule was ignored
69
How did Native American live before expansion westwards?
- They were normadic - followed the buffalo herds.
- Roamed Freely
70
How did expansion westwards affect Native American’s?
- Initally the government let them have free rein.
- After Civil War, people began to settle in the west
- Caused loss of land
- Hostility grew
71
What caused and when was the Great Sioux War?
- 1876
- Discovery of gold in black hills
- Led to white settlers invading Native territories
72
What happened in the Great Sioux War?
- Government offered $6 million to leave them alone
- Was ignored
- Government Agreed to remove Native Americans from Black Hills
73
How did the Government Deal with Native Americans?
- Ordered a Reservation Policy to end normadic lifestyle
- Placed on government controlled land and ‘Americanised’
- Forced to learn English, Christianity and Farming.
- Became dependent on White Americans
74
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
Demonstrated policy of isolationism
- Produced in 1823
- To avoid involvement with European war unless it was in American Interest.
- American Conitent could not be colonised by European Powers
75
Why did the USA undertake a policy of isolationism?
- Didn’t want an empire after what European powers did to it.
- People went to escape persecution
- Didn’t want to get involved in ‘old regime’
- Had enough natural resources for it’s self
76
When did the US purchase Alaska?
-1867
- For $7.2 mil from Russia
77
What are some examples of expansionism in 1870’s?
- Alaska Purchase
- Trade with China (Burlingame Treaty)
- Dominican Republic - denied its offer of colonisation but would exploit it for resources and exports
78
What were the problems with the Gilded Age?
-Lots of Corruption and Patronage (spoil system)
- Weak Presidents (sided with big business)
- Little differences between Party’s
- Big issues weren’t tackled
79
Name a politician that the Tenure of Office Act was trying to protect?
Edwin M. Stanton
80
How many senators voted to get impeach Johnson in 1868?
35 against (to impeach)
19 for (to remain)
81
Who did Grant run against?
Horatio Seymour - against reconstruction and equality for African Americans
82
What was a Carpetbagger?
- People moving from the north to the south to take control of local government - often corrupt
83
What is a scalawag?
- Southerns making a coalition with carpetbaggers and freedmen to take control of local government
84
What was a consequence of the Gold Ring Scandal?
- Financial panic 24th Sept 1869
85
Why were relations with Britain bad during Civil War?
They supported the confederacy
86
What did the US demand of Britain after the Civil War?
$2 billion in reparations
87
When did Canada become a self-governing dominion?
1867 - Britain remained in charge of foreign and defensive policy
88
89
What did the US allow as Britain refused to pay reparations?
Irish-American Civil War Veterans to do fenian raids along Canadian border from 1866-71
90
When was the dispute between the US and UK settled?
1872 - Britain paid $15.5 million in reparations
91
Why did the US want Alaska?
- Closer with Russia
- Expand Pacific Coast line - keep Britain out of
- Gateway to northern Asia for trade
92
What was the trade agreement between China and the US?
Burlingame Treaty 1867
- increased trade
- increased immigration of Chinese to build railways
