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Reconstruction Flashcards

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1
Q

Which President began reconstruction?

A

Abraham Lincoln

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2
Q

What are some difference between the North and South?

A
  • North had bigger industry
  • South valued slavery and honour, North = Freedom
    -North was more educated
  • South wanted states to have power
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3
Q

Why did the south want to keep slaves?

A
  • Backbone of their economy
  • Believed freedom would cause social degradation
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4
Q

How many slaves were in the south in 1860?

A

4 million

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5
Q

What was life like for the slaves?

A

They were punished, branded, sexually exploited etc

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6
Q

Why did the Civil War begin?

A

Many years of build up resentment from south.
Lincoln became president and wanted to end slavery
11 southern states formed the confederacy.

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7
Q

How many deaths did the Civil War result in?

A

600,000 - more than any other war

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8
Q

How was the North Effected by the Civil War?

A
  • Wasn’t really effected
  • Experienced Prosperity
  • Wealth increased by 50%
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9
Q

How was the south affected by the war?

A

-It was crippled
-$1.1 billion in damages

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10
Q

When and what was the Emancipation Proclamation?

A
  • January 1863
  • Freed 3.5 million slaves
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11
Q

How did Lincoln want to deal with Reconstruction?

A
  • Not too harsh on south
  • Rights for ex-slaves
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12
Q

When and what was the 10% plan?

A
  • April 1864
  • 10% of a states electorate must a agree to an oath of alliance to union (including allowing African American the vote)
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13
Q

What did congress think of the 10% Plan?

A

Thought it wasn’t harsh enough

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14
Q

What are some reforms Lincoln put in place?

A
  • 10% Plan
    -13th Amendment
  • Emancipation Proclamation
  • Freedman Bureau
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15
Q

How did Republicans go against 10% plan?

A
  • Brought forwards Wade-Davis Bill
  • Required 50% of electorate
  • Revoked any role in government
  • Charged to abolish Slavery
  • Lincoln vetoed it
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16
Q

What and when was the 13th Amendment?

A
  • Freed all slaves
  • January 1865
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17
Q

What and when was the Freedman’s Bureau?

A
  • March 1865
  • Set out to help former slaves
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18
Q

Who took over once Lincoln was assassinated?

A
  • Andrew Johnson
  • Democrat = more lenient with south
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19
Q

How did Johnson want to deal with Reconstruction?

A
  • Wanted Quick re-admitting of southern states
  • Didn’t care about slaves
  • Accepted Wade-Davis bill but allowed more freedom
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20
Q

What and When was the Civil Rights Bill?

A
  • 1866
  • Made after Johnson vetoed a bill to strengthen rights of Freedman’s bureau
  • Gave some more rights to blacks
  • Johnson Vetoed it, but congress overturned veto.
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21
Q

What happened because Johnson didn’t care about helping ex-slaves?

A
  • South developed Black Codes
  • Meant they could’t rent land or have interracial marriages
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22
Q

What and When was the 14th Amendment?

A
  • Gave African Americans Citizenship
  • Made sure bill of rights couldn’t be changed
  • Rejected by all ex-confederate states
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23
Q

What Bills were passed to weaken Johnson?

A
  • The Military Reconstruction Bill, 1867 - Military occupation in south
  • The Command of the Army Act - Weakened Johnsons command of army
  • Tenure of Office Act - He couldn’t fire or hire his cabinet
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24
Q

What started radical reconstruction?

A
  • 1866 election increased amount of Republicans in south
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25
Q

Why did congress try to impeach Johnson?

A
  • He ignored the Tenure of Office Act
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26
Q

What happened when Congress tried to Impeach Johnson?

A
  • Lost by 1 vote
  • Showed that they could impeach him if they wanted to
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27
Q

Who became president after Johnson?

A
  • Ulysses S. Grant
  • Ex - General picked by Republicans - allow more radical reconstruction
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28
Q

How did radical reconstruction continue with Grant?

A
  • 15th Amendment 1869
  • Force Act 1870
  • Ku Klux Klan Act 1870
  • Further Civil Rights Act 1875
  • All southern states re admitted by 1870
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29
Q

What and when was the 15th Amendment?

A
  • 1869
  • Gave African Americans right to vote
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30
Q

What Scandel’s was Grant involved in?

A
  • Gold Ring 1869
  • Salary Grab 1873
  • Whisky Ring 1875
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31
Q

What was triggered by Grant in 1873?

A

An economic Depression

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32
Q

Which election resulted in the end of reconstruction?

A

The 1876 election and compromise of 1877

33
Q

What happened in the 1876 election?

A
  • Rutherford Hayes was the Republican candidate.
    Although he didn’t get the most amount of votes, he got the highest amount of electoral collage votes - so became president
34
Q

What was the Compromise of 1877?

A

When Hayes became President, he agreed to remove military from south in return for democratic support

35
Q

How can Reconstruction be seen as a success for African Americans ?

A
  • 13th, 14th, 15th Amendment
    -Freedman’s Bureau
  • Force and KKK Act
  • Civil Rights Act
  • 70,000 got education
36
Q

How can Reconstruction be seen as a failure for African Americans ?

A
  • Black Codes in south
  • KKK established
    -1877 compromise removed military from south (protection)
  • Sharecropping = slavery without name
  • Jim Crow law introduced segregation
  • Treated as 2nd Class citizens
37
Q

How did southern Resistance cause reconstruction to fail?

A
  • Reedmer Governments - Brought back democratic power
  • KKK and White League
  • Black Codes
  • Military Reconstruction act
  • Resentment of Sharecropping
38
Q

What 4 factors caused reconstruction to fail?

A
  • Southern Resistence
  • Federal Political Differences
  • Corruption and Comprimise
  • Economic/other
39
Q

How did Federal Differences cause reconstruction to fail?

A
  • Lincolns assassination
  • Johnson’s impeachment
  • Veto President
  • Radical/congressional reconstruction
40
Q

How did Corruption and Compromise cause reconstruction to fail?

A
  • Whisky and Gold Ring
  • Salary Grab
  • Election of 1876
  • 1877 Compromise
41
Q

How did economic and other factors cause reconstruction to fail?

A
  • 1873 depression caused Falling of cotton prices
  • Black Codes
42
Q

What 8 factors led to economic growth in the 1870’s?

A
  • Civil War
  • Availablity of land
  • Population Growth
  • Transport (railroads)
  • Available Capital
  • Role of Government
  • Corporations and Trusts
  • Technology
43
Q

How did the civil war stimulate economic growth in the 1870’s

A
  • Weapon production led to better manufacturing programs
  • More money in circulation (loads) led to a better banking system and paper currency (United States Note)
  • Tariffs were introduced to protect American Goods
44
Q

How did the availability of land lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?

A
  • Market for manufactured products
  • Developed railroads
  • Land was fertile - mass production of wheat
  • Greater demand for food = better mechanisation in agriculture
45
Q

How did the population growth lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?

A
  • More Cheap Labour
  • Also added to by mass immigration from Europe and Asia
  • Led to more consumers and demand for coal, clothes and food
46
Q

How much did the US population grow by between 1860 and 1880?

A

1860 = 31.5 million
1880 = 50 million

47
Q

How did transport lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?

A

Railroads massively increases. Led to:
- More jobs
- increased steel production
- technological advancements
- Market Growth

48
Q

How much railroad was placed between 1868 and 1873?

A

53,000 km

49
Q

How did railtrack mileage change from 1860 to 1880?

A

It tripled

50
Q

How did the availability of capital lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?

A
  • Encouraged the development of the stock market
  • Had an annual turnover of $6 billion
  • By 1890 it became the 2nd largest stock market
  • increased growth of businesses
51
Q

How did the role of the government lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?

A

Had little import on economy
- allowed big business to do whatever they wanted
- No laws on labour hours and conditions
- Introduction of tariffs meant US goods became cheaper

52
Q

How did corporations and trusts lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?

A
  • Lack of government led to more corporation and trusts
  • Allowed companies like standard oil to thrive
53
Q

How did technology lead to economic growth in the 1870’s?

A
  • Inventions like the Bessemer Converter allowed Carnegie to cheaply and quickly produce steel
54
Q

What were 3 effects of economic growth?

A
  • Depression of 1873
  • Urbanisation
  • Agriculture
55
Q

What caused the Depression of 1873?

A
  • Economical Reversal in Europe
  • Poor state of American Bank System (privately owned)
  • Principle inventor of the Northern Pacific RailRoad went bankrupt
56
Q

What were the consequences of the 1873 Depression?

A
  • New York Stock Exchange closed for 10 days and credit dried up
  • Factories closed = thousands of workers laid off
  • Major Railroads failed
57
Q

How did was Urbanisation affected by economic growth?

A
  • Industrial development meant more people moved to cities
  • Cities were mainly developed near seas or lake for transport
  • Cities were identified by what they traded in (New York = Shirt Collars)
58
Q

An example of the increased urbanisation in 1870’s

A
  • Chicago population went from 30,000 in 1850, to over 1 million in 1890
59
Q

How did urban growth affect living conditions?

A
  • Poor living conditions
  • Housing was built quickly
  • More corruption
  • ‘Boss system’ was implemented - sell housing, employment to highest bidder. Give away housing etc to immigrants or African Americans in return for their vote
60
Q

How did economic growth affect agriculture?

A
  • Did not prosper (specially small farms)
  • Lots of dept
  • Overdepenace on unstable foreign markets
  • Prices kept dropping = couldn’t repay loans/
61
Q

What was ‘Manifest Destiny’?

A
  • Belief that American’s had the god given right to populate the land
  • Divine Right
  • Spread Christian and republicans values
62
Q

What 4 developments encouraged westward expansion?

A
  • Federal Territories
  • Homestead Act 1862
  • Railroads
  • 2nd Gold Rush
63
Q

What were the federal territories?

A
  • Areas governed by officials appointed by federal government.
  • Populated open spaces
  • Areas became subject to US law
  • when Population reached 60,000 - could apply to become a state
64
Q

What and when was the Homestead Act?

A
  • 1862
  • Gave away 160-acre plots for farmer to farm land for 5 years
  • By 1865 there were over 20,000
  • $10 claiming fee and $2 commission
65
Q

What acts followed the Homestead Act?

A
  • The Timber and Culture Act (1873) - additional 160 acres ( as long as 40 acres was trees)
  • The Desert and Land Act (1877) - Further 640 acres at $1.25 ( as long as some of it was irrigated)
66
Q

What were the push and pull factors to expansion west?

A

Push:
- Migration (due to poverty and unemployment)
- Religious persecution
- Ex-soldiers
Pull:
- Cheap Land
-Chance for a new start

67
Q

How did the railroads effect expansion westwards?

A

Railroads meant migration to the west.
- Pacific Railroad act gave two companies right to build transatlantic railroads.
- This distrusted the lives of Native Americans by disrupting Buffulo herds and buying land

68
Q

How did the 2nd gold rush effect westward expansion?

A
  • Began in Black Hills of Dakota
  • Then in Deadwood (thousand flocked)
  • Although area belonged to Native American tribes - this rule was ignored
69
Q

How did Native American live before expansion westwards?

A
  • They were normadic - followed the buffalo herds.
  • Roamed Freely
70
Q

How did expansion westwards affect Native American’s?

A
  • Initally the government let them have free rein.
  • After Civil War, people began to settle in the west
  • Caused loss of land
  • Hostility grew
71
Q

What caused and when was the Great Sioux War?

A
  • 1876
  • Discovery of gold in black hills
  • Led to white settlers invading Native territories
72
Q

What happened in the Great Sioux War?

A
  • Government offered $6 million to leave them alone
  • Was ignored
  • Government Agreed to remove Native Americans from Black Hills
73
Q

How did the Government Deal with Native Americans?

A
  • Ordered a Reservation Policy to end normadic lifestyle
  • Placed on government controlled land and ‘Americanised’
  • Forced to learn English, Christianity and Farming.
  • Became dependent on White Americans
74
Q

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

A

Demonstrated policy of isolationism
- Produced in 1823
- To avoid involvement with European war unless it was in American Interest.
- American Conitent could not be colonised by European Powers

75
Q

Why did the USA undertake a policy of isolationism?

A
  • Didn’t want an empire after what European powers did to it.
  • People went to escape persecution
  • Didn’t want to get involved in ‘old regime’
  • Had enough natural resources for it’s self
76
Q

When did the US purchase Alaska?

A

-1867
- For $7.2 mil from Russia

77
Q

What are some examples of expansionism in 1870’s?

A
  • Alaska Purchase
  • Trade with China (Burlingame Treaty)
  • Dominican Republic - denied its offer of colonisation but would exploit it for resources and exports
78
Q

What were the problems with the Gilded Age?

A

-Lots of Corruption and Patronage (spoil system)
- Weak Presidents (sided with big business)
- Little differences between Party’s
- Big issues weren’t tackled

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