Conflict At Home And Abroad Flashcards
1
Q
Who became president after Eisenhower?
A
John F. Kennedy 1960 - 1963
2
Q
Why was JFK popular?
A
- Young
- Catholic
- Promised a “New Frontier”
- Promised to beat Communism
- Worked with Martin Luther King
- Television - 70 million people wanted debates
3
Q
What was the “New Frontier”?
A
Program for reform and change
- Equal Rights
- Got young and academic people to advise him (brain trust)
4
Q
What did Kennedy do to the economy?
A
- introduced tax cuts
- Increased public spending (invested in roads and public buildings) - $900 million
- Increase spending on space and technology - put first man on the moon
- But there was still high unemployment
5
Q
What were JFK’s social reforms?
A
- Increased minimum wage - $1 to $1.25 an hr
- Manpower and Training Act - retraining for long term employment
- Area Redevelopment Act - loans to states with high unemployment
- Housing Act - cheap loans to improve inner cities
- Social Security Act - financial help to elderly and unemployed
- Social Security benefits
6
Q
How much did Kennedy increase minimum wage by?
A
$1 an hr to $1.25
7
Q
What were the limits to Kennedy’s social reforms?
A
- Wanted Medicare - rejected by congress
- Slum clearance led to housing shortage in inner cities
- Poor people couldn’t pay back housing loans
8
Q
Who became president after Kennedy?
A
Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1968 - Kennedy’s vice president
9
Q
What was Johnson’s ‘Great Society’?
A
- Economic and Social reform
10
Q
What economic reform did Johnson make?
A
- Cut Taxes - more money to consumers and businesses grew
- Appalachian Recovery Program - funds to help appalachians
- Office of Economic Opportunity set up schemes to help poorer people
- Education and Community projects to provide loans to local areas
- Head Start Program - helped teachers provide education to younger children
11
Q
What social reforms did Johnson implement?
A
- Medical Care Act - Medicare (old) and Medicaid (poor)
- Elementary and Secondary Education Act - first federal support for state education
- National Teacher Corp
- Model Cities Act - urban renewal, funds for slum clearance
- Increased minimum wage - $1.25 to $1.40
12
Q
How much did Johnson increase minimum wage by?
A
$1.25 to $1.40 an hr
13
Q
What was the opposition to Johnson’s ‘Great Society’?
A
- Wasted money on welfare programs - took away rugged individualism
- Escalated involvement in Vietnam - so less money went to Great Society
- Outbreak of violence in US cities
14
Q
How many people were given access to health care under Johnson?
A
25 million
15
Q
How did the % of African Americans living below the poverty line, change under Johnson?
A
- Fell by over 50%
16
Q
How many people lived below the poverty line before Johnson became president?
A
35 million
17
Q
Who became president after Johnson?
A
Richard Nixon 1968 - 1974
18
Q
What happened during the 1968 election?
A
Nixon vs Herbert Humphrey
- Nixon positioned himself as a moderation
- Democrats lost south
- Nixon won by 302 electoral collage votes
19
Q
What were Nixon’s domestic achievements?
A
- Followed ‘Great Society’ Policies
- Tax Reform System
- Tried to introduce National healthcare insurance system
- Family Assistance
- Environmental Protection Agency y
20
Q
How did Nixon stabilise the economy?
A
- Reduced income tax
- Restrictions on borrowing by businesses
- 90 day wages and prices freeze
- Pay Board - kept wage increase to 5.5%
- Prices Commission - limited pay increases to 2.5%
21
Q
What was the Watergate Scandal?
A
- June 17th 1972 - CREEP agents broke into Democratic Watergate offices to plant bugging devices
- Found to work for White House
- Nixon denied involvement (won 1972 election)
- Jan 1973 they went on trial - were convicted and it was found some of Nixons top advisors were involved
- Then believed Nixon was involved - found that he has tapes in White House
- Originally denied access to tapes - then handed some over that were edited - then the whole tape
- Found that he had lied and was involved in dirty tricks campaign
22
Q
What was CREEP?
A
Committee to Re-Elect President 1972
- set up by Nixon
- $350,000 set aside for ‘Dirty Tricks’ campaign
23
Q
Who were the two top advisors that were found to have been involved in Watergate?
A
Bob Haldeman and John Ehrlichman
24
Q
What was the consequences of the Watergate Scandal?
A
- July 1974 Congress Wanted to impeach Nixon
- 8th of August 1974 Nixon resigned (was later pardoned for all crimes by President Ford)
- Destroyed Nixon’s reputation ‘Tricky Dicky’
25
What acts were implemented after Watergate to reduce the power of the Executive?
- Election Campaign Act 1974 - limited election contributions
- War Powers Act 1973 - congress approval to send US military
- Privacy Act 1974 - Allowed public access to government files
- Congressional Budget Act 1974 - President couldn’t use government money for their needs
26
What happened to the stock market in 1973?
- Dropped by 45%
- due to energy crises causing oil prices to rise
27
Why did students protest?
ICE TV
I - international (Demonstrations in Ireland and France)
C- Civil Rights (Supported MLK’s freedom marches)
E - Education (Wanted a greater say)
T - Tunes (Pop music + Bob Dylan)
V - Vietnam (Divided the country)
28
What achievements did students make in Civil Rights?
- Joined campaigns like SNCC and CORE
- Joined Civil Rights marches in 1964
- Wanted to expose racism within education
29
Who were the SD’s and what did they do?
Students for the Democratic Society
- Set up by Tom Hayden in 1959
- Denounced Cold War
- Group with 150 Collages (over 100,000 members)
1964 - Organised sit ins
1968 - riots in Democratic Convention “Chicago 7”
- Became more radical and lost momentum
30
What did Johnson abolish in 1966?
- Students using university to delay their draft
- led to an increase in SD’s membership
31
What ultimatum did Khrushchev give Kennedy in 1961?
Something must happen about Berlin, or he would give access to Berlin to East Germany
32
When was the Berlin Wall Constructed?
13th of August 1961
33
What did the construction of the Berlin Wall lead to?
- Tank Standoff, between USA and USSR, at Check Point Charlie on Oct 27th
34
Who took power of Cuba in 1959?
Fidel Castro - via a revolution
35
What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis
- initially, US refused to trade with Cuba, due to Castro - Pushed Cuba Closer to USSR, as they offered Sugar Trade
- Failed Bay of Pigs (1961)
- Cuba and USSR got closer - 1961 Castro announced Cuba as a communist state - just 90 miles from US
- USSR began development of missile sites in Cuba
36
What was the Bay of Pigs invasion?
- April 1961 Kennedy sanctioned the CIA to invade Cuba, to overthrow Castro
- Failed and humiliated US
37
What did America Discover in Cuba?
- 14th of Oct
- American U2 spy planes took photos of USSR missile bases
38
What events took place place on the “thirteen days in October”?
20th - Kennedy imposed a naval blockade around Cuba
21st - Kennedy revealed information on TV
23rd - Khrushchev stated he would not back down to blockade
24th - Soviet ships reached blockade and turned around
25th - Kennedy insisted on withdrawal of missies
26th - Khrushchev demanded US removed missiles from Turkey and Italy
27th - US spy plane shot down, USSR submarine hit - Robert Kennedy met with USSR - determined a secret deal
28th - Khrushchev publicly accepted deal
39
What was the consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
- US remove of missiles from Turkey and Italy (secret)
- USSR remove of missiles
- Telephone hotline between US and USSR
- Partial Test Ban Treaty 1963
40
Why had relationships with China been bad at the start of the 1960’s?
- Korean War
- US commitment to defend Taiwan
- US sanctions and Trade embargo on China
- US blocked China from joining the UN
41
Why were relations with China beginning to improve during the 1960’s?
- China and USSR were divided - China denounced their invasion of Czechoslovakia (Nixon believed he could exploit this)
- Believed China could help end Vietnam War
- Moa believed detente could improve Chinas trade and industry
- Moa believed US would withdraw troops from East Asia
42
When did US lift the China Trade embargo?
April 1971 - After 21 years
43
What was ‘Ping Pong Diplomacy’?
- Restoration of Sino-US relations
- 6th of April 1971
- China invited US to play against them in Ping Pong
- Led to lifting of trade embargo (14th of April)
44
What was the outcome of ‘Ping Pong Diplomacy’?
- Nixon went to meet Moa in Beijing in 1972
- China joined UN in Oct 1971
45
What was Detente?
- Period of time in 1970’s
- Easing of tension’s between USSR and US
46
Why did Detente happen?
- Cuban Missile Crisis - Prevent Nuclear War
- Arms limitations - Want to reduce defence spending
- US wanted to end Vietnam War
- USSR didn’t want Sino-US relations to develop
47
What was ‘Linkage’?
- USSR to help end Vietnam war in return for co-operation with technology, trade and agriculture
48
When did Nixon visit Moscow?
1972
49
Who was Nixon’s Foreign Policy Adviser?
- Henry Kissinger
50
What was SALT1?
- Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty
- 1972
- First nuclear limitations act
51
What were the Helsinki Accords?
- 1975
- Agreement between the USSR and US and 33 other nations.
- Made declarations about 3 international issues
52
What were the three sections of the Helsinki Accords?
- Recognition of Borders - West of east Europe, USSR of West Germany
- Respect of Human Rights and basic freedoms
- Closer economic, scientific and cultural links
53
What agreement split Vietnam into the North and South?
Geneva Agreement 1954
54
Who led North Vietnam?
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Communist
55
Who led South Vietnam?
- Ngo Dinh Diem
- Very unpopular and weak
- led to growth of Vietcong in Vietnam
- Overthrown in 1963 (believed to be by CIA)
56
What did the US want in Vietnam?
- Prevent unification of country - to stop spread of communism (domino theory)
- US prevented elections from taking place - as Communist would win
57
What did Ho Chi Minh do in 1959?
- Issued a terror campaign in the south
58
What was the Strategic Hamlet Policy?
- US began to moved peasants to fortified villages - to prevent spread of communism
59
What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail?
- Supply line used by Vietcong between north and south
60
Why was military involvement in Vietnam given?
- 2nd August 1964 - US Maddox sunk in Gulf of Tonkin
- Alleged 2nd attack as well
- Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
61
How many people supported the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution initially?
85%
62
Why was the Vietcong so strong?
- ‘Low-tech warfare’ - suited to jungle environment
- Guerrilla War - ambushing and sabotage
- Deep Tunnels (Saigon = 320 km) - allow hiding places and death traps for US troops
- Many in the south supported them
- Supplied by China and USSR
63
Why was the US so weak in Vietnam?
- Many troops were younger and inexperienced
- Couldn’t combat Guerrilla War
- Fall in Moral
- High Casulaties (58,000)
- My Lai Massacre
- Tet Offensive
64
What was the My Lai Masacre?
- 16th March 1968
- US troops killed 347 civilians
- Raped over 500 women
- Televised back at home
65
What were the USA’s military tactics?
_ “Operation Rolling thunder” - Carpet Bombing huge areas of North Vietnam
- “Agent Orange” - Napalm - Highly toxic weed killer
- “Search and Destroy” - Invaded villages believed to be aiding Vietcong and burnt them
- Fragging - US troops killing inexperienced officers
66
By 1966 how many US homes had TV’s?
93%
67
By 1967, what % of TV owners was dedicated to Vietnam War?
90%
68
What was the Tet offensive?
- 31st January 1968
- Vietcong launched a massive attack on over a 100 southern cities
- Showed Vietcong could take US territory
- Made the War appear unwinable for USA
69
What effect did the Media have on perception of the Vietnam War?
- War seemed unwinable
- War crimes shocked Americans - My Lai Massacre
- Student Protests - Kent State University 1970 - 4 students were killed by the national guard
70
What did Nixon promise when he became president?
- To withdraw from Vietnam
71
What was Vietnamisation?
- Nixon’s plan to end involvement
- Train and equip southern fighters
- Didn’t work
72
When was a ceasefire agreed for Vietnam?
23rd January 1973
- Paris Treaty
73
By 1968, How many US troops had been killed?
38,000
74
How much had the US spend on the Vietnam War each year?
$30 billion
75
What was the Nixon Doctrine?
- US expected allies to take care of their own military defence
76
What effect did the Vietnam War have on US troops ?
- 50,000 Americans
- Over 300,000 wounded
77
When did south Vietnam fall to Vietnam?
- Saigon was invaded April 29th 1974
78
What were ‘Sit-ins’?
- SNCC non-violent protests
- August 1961 - 70,000 people sat in white only cafes
- over 200 cities
- Over 3000 arrested
79
What was teh result of sit-in’s?
- Woolsworth lost business - 1961 agreed to desegregate lunch counters
- Followed by 120 southern communities
- Led to ‘Wade-ins’ and ‘Kneel-ins’
80
What were Freedom Rides
- 1962
- Planned by CORE
- White and Black people challenged segregation of Greyhound Interstate buses
- Police allowed KKK to fire bomb buses
81
What was the result of Freedom Rides?
- 300 Arrested
- 22nd Sept - Interstate travel was desegregated
- Created Publicity
82
What were the Birmingham Alabama Marches?
- May 1963 - Peaceful Marches
- Against openly racist police chief
- Police sent dogs on children
- Martin Luther King was arrested - plus 2000 other
83
What was the result of the Birmingham Marches?
- Mayor passed Desegregation laws
- JFK’s brother got Martin Luther King out of prison
- Gain in popularity
- Washington March
84
What was the March on Washington?
- 28th August 1963
- 250,000 Marched on Washington - NAACP, CORE and SNCC
- “I have a dream speech”
- Brought together white and black people - televised
- Led to King meeting Kennedy - put pressure on him
85
What legislation was implemented for Civil Rights in 1960’s?
- Civil Rights Act 1964 - Banned discrimination
- Voting Rights Act 1965 - ended unequal literacy tests
86
What was a problem with the Civil Rights Act?
- Didn’t prevent voting restriction
- Led to March on Selma Birmingham
- Led to Voting Rights Act
87
What is an example of Kennedy supporting the Civil Rights Movement?
- Made supportive speeches against segregation at Alabama and Mississippi University
- Sent 30,000 troops to Mississippi university to help James Meredith going to an all white university - 1962
88
Who was Malcolm X?
- Member of the Nation of Islam
- Believed that violence could be used in self-defence
- Passionate Speaker - grew membership by 100,000
- Later Left National
- Assassinated 1965
89
How was the Civil Rights Movement changing in the 1960’s?
- Emphasis on Black Power
- Militant Black Leader - Malcolm X, Bobby Seale, Heuy Newton
- More violent action - believed non-violent measures were too slow
90
What race riots took place in 1960’s?
- Began August 1965
- North and West - were frustrated with continuing poverty
- Los Angeles - 30,000 involved
- Continues across country over 1966 and 1967
- Federal Troops and National Guard Involved
91
What was ‘Black Power’
- Pride in their Race - Black is Beautiful
- Frustrated with lack of change
- Supported by SNCC Leader - Stokely Carmichael
92
What highlighted Black Power?
1968 Mexican Olympics - Tommy Smith and John Carol did Black Salut
93
What was the Black Panther Party?
- Set up by Heuy Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966 - Influenced by Malcolm X
- 10 point program - end poverty, improve health, end policy brutality etc
- Set up community programs
- Clashed with police - 1969 over 700 injured from confrontations - 27 killed
- Lost popularity
94
When was the Contraception Pill allowed?
1960
95
What was the first major race riot?
11th August 1965
- 30,000 people
- Watts district of LA
- 34 died
- $40 million in damages
96
What were the ‘Weathermen’?
- Extremist SD’s
- Used violent methods
- e.g bombing army recruitment methods
- Denounced by Tom Hayden
- Lost momentum when they blew themselves up
97
How did Vietnam increase student protesters?
- Protests increased due to rising death toll - and unequal amount of African Americans being sent to Vietnam
- Peaked from 1968-70
98
In 1968, how demonstrations were there against Vietnam?
100
- included 400,000 students
99
How many people marched on Washington in 1969, against the Vietnam War?
700,000
100
What happened at Kent State University, Ohio?
- 1970
- Peaceful protest against Nixon’s bombing of Cambodia
- National Guards shot on students - 4 were killed and 11 injured
101
What happened as a result of the Kent State Univerity shooting?
- 400 colleges closed
- 2 million students went on strike
102
What movement grew amongst teenagers in the 1960/70’s?
- Hippie Movement
- Long hair, ‘alternative lifestyle’
- Peace - ‘Make love not war’
- Drugs
103
What was the Woodstock Festival?
August 1969
- Hippie Movement
- 400,000 attended
- Experimented with LSD and Marijuana
104
What commission did Eleanor Roosevelt set up?
Commission to investigate the status of women at work
105
What did Eleanor Roosevelts Commission report?
1963
- 95% of company mangers were men
- 7% Of Doctors were women
- Less than 4% of Lawyers
- Women earned between 50-60% of men
106
Who wrote the feminine Mystique?
Betty Friedan - 1963
107
What did Betty Friedan call for?
- More to life than being a house wife
- Shared responsibility in bringing up a family
108
What did Friedan set up?
National organisation for Women 1966
109
What did NOW do?
- Middle class white women
- Tackled discrimination
- 1970’s - 40,000 members
110
What is an example of NOW’s success?
- between 1966 and 1971 secured $30 million for women who has been paid unequal wages
111
What was the Women’s Liberation Movement?
- More radical than Now
- Extremist
- Burnt Bra’s and refused to wear makeup
- Picketed at Miss America Pagent 1968
- Did more harm for movement
112
What case allowed Abortions to become more readily available?
Roe v Wade 1973
113
Who was the lawyer of Roe v Wade
Sarah Weddington
114
What was the equal pay act?
1963
- required equal pay by employers
- didn’t stop discrimination
115
What was the Education Ammendemnt Act?
1972
- Girls and Boys got same education
- Outlawed Sex discrimination in education
116
