Progressivism And Imperialism Flashcards
1
Q
Who were the progressive presidents?
A
- McKinley ?
- T. Roosevelt
- Taft
- Woodrow Wilson
2
Q
What factors affected progressivism?
A
- Regulate big buisness
- Political Reforms
- Social Justice and Welfare Reforms
- Influence of Middle Class
- Religious Influence
- Influence of Media
- Left Wing Threat
3
Q
When did McKinley serve?
A
1897-1901
4
Q
When did Roosevelt serve?
A
1901-09
5
Q
When did Taft serve?
A
1909-13
6
Q
When did Wilson serve?
A
1913-21
7
Q
What evidence is there of Progressivism under Roosevelt?
A
- ‘Square Deal’
- Used Sherman Anti-Trust act to prosecute 24 companies
- Elkins and Hepburn Act - made railroad rebate prices illegal
- Abritions to solve disputes between workers and managers
- Conservation areas
- Burau of Corporations - investigated trusts
- Civil Service Jobs on Merit
- Pure Food and Drugs Act
8
Q
What evidence is there of lack of Progressivism under Roosevelt?
A
- Senate and Supreme Court didn’t agree with some acts
- He divided the Republican Party by creating the Progressive Party
- Failed to convince to pass more bills
9
Q
What was Populism
A
- Negative reaction to laissez Faire approach
- Made of: Bimetalists, Workers and Farmers
- Party was founded in 1882
10
Q
What did the populist party want to do?
A
- Ocala Demands:
- Control of railway
- 8 hr working Day
- Opposed gold standard
- Direct election of senators
- Income Tax
- Regulation of prices
11
Q
Why did the Populist Party end?
A
- Big business and newspapers supported Republicans - spent millions to get McKinley in power.
- Economy improved after 1896 (tariffs went up by 50%)
12
Q
How did Cleveland’s 2nd Term boost Populism?
A
- Panic of 1892 (unemployment)
- Withdrew Silver Purchase Act
- Close to J P Morgan
- Lowered Tariffs
- Sent troops to strikes
13
Q
What did the Dingley Act do?
A
- Raise Tariffs by 50%
14
Q
What happened in the 1896 election?
A
- Populist Party sided with the Democrat Candidate - William Bryan
- Election was first where modern campaigning methods were used
- Democrats didn’t have enough money as republicans for campaign so he travelled across country.
- McKinley won by 97 electoral college votes
15
Q
What was the Progressive Movements political aims?
A
- Votes for women
- Change in parties - vote for candidates
- Greater role of federal Government.
- More democratic system
16
Q
What was the Progressive Movements Economic aims?
A
- Regulate big business - prevent fixed prices
- Better working conditions (hours, pensions etc)
- Use of silver and gold coinage
17
Q
What was the Progressive Movements Social aims?
A
- Emancipation of women (vote)
- Better working and living conditions
- Help African Americans
- Prohibition
18
Q
When and what was the Department of Commerce and Labour Act?
A
-1903
- had power to collect data from any business that dealt with interstate commerce (to regulate business)
19
Q
What and when was the Hepburn Act?
A
- 1906
- Gave government power to inspect railroad company books
- Laid down max rate that could be charged
20
Q
What evidence is there of progressivism under Taft?
A
- Continued Ant-Trust Policy’s -broke apart Starndard oil + American Tobacco
-8 hr day for government jobs
-16 Amendment - income tax - Creates a department to help with work conditions
- Direct election of senators
21
Q
What evidence is there of a lack of progressivism under Taft?
A
- Only reduced Tariffs to 40%
- Seemed to support Private ownership over conservation
22
Q
What happened in the 1912 election?
A
- Roosevelt set up the Progressive Party to challenge Taft
- Made Republicans seem disorganised (made votes split between both parties)
- Allowed Wilson (democrat) to win
23
Q
What effected the economy in from 1890?
A
- Industrial Growth
- Depression of 1893
- Agricultural Discontent
- Trade Unions
24
Q
What six area’s did Wilson change in progressivism?
A
- Banking
- Trusts
- Tariffs
- Tax
- Social
- African-Americans
25
How did Wilson help banking?
- Created the Federal Reserve Act 1913 - centralised banking system
- Supervised and sent Money to Federal Reserve Board
- meant money no longer depended on gold
26
How did Wilson effect trusts?
- Federal Trade commission - investigated unfair prices + corporations
- Clayton Anti-Trust Act - Gave power to those enforcing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
27
How did Wilson deal with Tariffs?
- Underwood Tariffs
- Reduced Prices of tariffs
28
How did Wilson change Tax?
- Income Tax was used to replace government income - taxed businesses and individuals
- Federal Farm Load Act - reduced farm loan costs
29
What social changes did Wilson make?
- Federal Child Labour Act 1916 (dropped 2 years later)
- Workmen’s Compensation Act - financial assistance to ill workers
- Adamson Act - 8 hr work days for railroads
30
How did Wilson affect the lives of African Americans?
- He didn’t really help then (despite getting their vote)
- Segreation continued
31
What countries did the ‘New Immigrants’ come from?
- Poland
- Russia
- Greece
- Cuba
32
What was the Red Scare?
- A fear of communism - led to a fear of foreigners in America
33
What was the 1908 Gentleman’s Agreement?
- Between US and Japan
- Stated neither wanted immigration form either company
34
4 negative effects of Immigration?
- Red Scare
- Crime
- Overcrowding
- Literacy Tests
35
2 positive effects of immigration?
- Consumers
- Cheap and plentiful supply of labour
-
36
How much did American Manufactored exports grow by from 1908 to 1913?
77%
37
Economically what was the period from 1890 to 1920 known as?
Second Industrial Revolution
38
3 Reasons for Americas quick economic growth?
- Immigration
- Laissez Faire
- Organised business
39
What were the two major strike between 1890 and 1912?
- Homestead Steel works 1892
- Pullman Strike 1894
40
What were 3 problems with Agriculture from 1890-1912?
- Debt
- Increased Prices
- Drought
41
Why was 1890 -1920 known as the ‘golden age’ for some farmers?
- White farmers benefited from War as prices rose and exports increased
42
How did American Industry benefit from WW1?
- Increased exports (of steel, weapons etc)
- Loans given to Allies
43
What 4 things did the Governemt do to the economy during the war?
- Stopped strikes by talking to unions
- Took over railroads
- Fixed wheat prices
- National War Labour Board
44
How did WW1 improve the lives of African Americans?
- Encouraged civil rights movement (went abroad and saw democracy)
- Migrated North
45
What evidence is there of the lives of African American’s getting better from 1890 - 1920?
- WW1 encouraged civil rights.
- a Minority made economic improvements
- Brooker Washington worked for Civil Rights
- NAACP investigated racism.
- Education increased
- Many moved north for jobs (no segregation)
46
What evidence is there that the lives of African Americans got worse?
- Discrimiated (even in north) and segregated
- Censorship on black newspapers
- Lived in poverty
- Plessy v Ferguson = segregation
- Southern states introduced rules to stop from voting (tax, grandfather clause, literacy test etc)
- Lynching Campaignes grew
- Revival of KKK (Birth of a Nation
47
What and when was the Pullman Strike?
- 1894
- National Strike that paralyse Railroads
- Pullmans cut wages so ARU went on strike.
- Cleveland sent troops (killed 4)
- Ended as a failure
48
What was the Omnibus Indictment Act?
- Permitted the legal banning of strikes
- Remained till 1930’s
49
What and when was the Pittsburgh Steelworkers Strike?
- 1892
- Wage cutes - refused to speak to unions
- Private detectives and strike breakers were brought in to stop strike
- After 5 months with no wages, strikers began to starve and their actions collapsed
50
What caused the Depression of 1893?
- Reading Railroad declared bankruptcy
51
What happened during the Depression of 1893?
- 24 businesses failed per day
- Triggered a 4 year depression
- 15,000 companies and 600 banks closed
- Unemployment reached 20%
52
What did the 1893 Depression cause?
- Repeal of the Silver Purchase Act (boosted business confidence)
- Rise in progressivism
53
What 5 factors allowed America to become more Expansionist?
- Accidental Empire
- Progressive Imperialism - Help others and spread Christian values
- Preculsive Imperialsim - stop European colonies
- Need For Market - more exports
- End of the Frontier - needed to expand once they couldn’t go west
54
What were the causes of the Spanish-American War?
- 1898
- USA felt Spain was treating Cuba too harshly - 200,000 deaths in concentration camps
- Empasised by Yellow Press - Blamed Maine Explosion on Spanish
- Public Opition
55
What happened during the Spanish American War ?
- 17000 troops sent to Cuba.
- US defeated Spanish fleet in Battle Of Santiago
56
What did the Treaty of Paris conclude?
- Cuba Remainded independent
- US could keep troops there (withdrew in 1902)
- Dominated by Cuban sugar trade
- US gained Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico
57
How did Hawaii effect foreign Policy?
- US marines tried to overthrow queen in 1893 - Cleveland vetoed this
- Was annexed in 1898 and became an important Pacific Naval Base
58
What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
- 1904
- US to intervene in South America to prevent European colonisation
59
What was Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy?
- to further economic interest
- promoting stability and excluding foreign powers
- Guaranteeing loans with Foreign companies to promote trade
60
How did the Panama Canal affect foreign policy?
- Improved access to trade
- 1915 - 1000 ships passed through
- Completed in 1914
61
What was the open door policy with china?
- presence free trade
62
What was America’s Navy like from 1890’s?
- by 1900 US had 3rd largest Navy
- Great White Fleet Travelled across the whole world to show dominance.
63
What were the reasons behind neutrality for WW1?
- Moral Dipolmacy - Wilson wanted to be the peacemaker.
- Public option - Not their war (Europe)
- Williams Jennings Bryan - Critic of the war
- Britain and Freedom of the sea - British stopped US ships from entering Germany (upset big business)
64
What were the reasons against neutrality for WW1? (Before 1916)
- Shared Values with British - Wilson was an Anglo-Phile
- Anti-German Properganda - Yellow Press
- Trade - Greater with Britain
- Unrestricted submarine warfare 1915 - Germany began to sink US ships going over the Atlantic.
65
Why did the USA enter the war in 1917?
- Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare - German began to sink boats again. US broke of diplomatic relations
- Zimmerman Telegram and German Activity in US - states they wanted Mexico to invade America on Germany’s side
- Russian Revolution - had a temporary government, meant US would be on side of democracy
66
What was the Food Lever and Fuel Control Act?
1917 By Herbert Hoover
- Wheat price at $2.20
- Corporation to by US and Cuban sugar to maintain supply
- Volentary eat sensibly campaign
67
What newspaper exposed corruption in American society?
McClures - 1904 sold 750,000 per edition - 1912 sold 1 million
“Muckraking”
68
Who did Roosevelt place as Attorney General to continue Anti-trust measures?
Philander C. Knox
69
What company did Roosevelt first tackle using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
Northern Securities Company
- 1904 Supreme Court ruled it as unconstitutional
70
What is an example of Roosevelt siding with workers?
Anthracite Coal Strike 1902
- Forced employer to use arbitration or he would send federal troops
- Won 9 hr work day and pay rise
71
What did Roosevelt set up to continue conservation?
1908 National Conservation Conference
- set up commission for states to help look after the environment
72
What demonstrated Tafts limited success of progressivism?
- Sacked Gifford Pinchot (conservationist)
- Payne-Aldrich Act did little to reduce tariffs
