Retrieval Failure^ Flashcards
Forgetting
occurs due to absent of cues
- not good enough or enough
cues stores at the same time as memories
- unable to recall info due to cues not created
- accessibility issues not availability
Encoding Specificity Principle
Tulving
- cues have to present at encoding and retrieval
- if they are different at the stages, then forgetting will happen
Context Dependent
Godden & Baddeley
- sea divers learned/ recalled word lists on land/underwater
accurate recall was 40% lower on unmatched conditions
external cues at learning and recall differ = retrieval failure
State Dependent
Carter & Cassady
- participants made dowsy to create diff psychological state from regular alertness
- learned/ recall on or not on drugs
memory was worse with mismatched conditions
internal cues at learning/ recall are different, so retrieval failure occurs
Real World Application
cues can overcome forgetting
Baddeley
- effects on forgetting aren’t strong
- still pay attention
remembering the learning envi helps us with recall forgotten memory
research can be applied to real life
Research Support
evidence that support forgetting
Eysenck & Keane
- RF is the main reason for forgetting
RF is evident is controlled lab studies and real life
findings are generalised
Recall VS Recognition
context dependent forgetting
- highly dependent on type of memory being tested
Godden & Baddeley
- tested sea divers’ recall of word lists
- no significant difference in the four conditions
RF can only be applied when testing memory for free recall than recognition
RF is a limited explanation
Problems with the ESP
is it possible to establish if a cue has been encoded
Godden & Baddeley
- able to estsblish
- but outside of controlled conditions its difficult to establish
if memory not recalled when a cue is present it must have not been encoded
- but other things can be used as cues are not necessary for recall
limits the validity of RF as dont consider other factors
