Retrieval Failure^

Question 1

Forgetting

Answer 1

occurs due to absent of cues
- not good enough or enough
cues stores at the same time as memories
- unable to recall info due to cues not created
- accessibility issues not availability

Question 2

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 2

Tulving
- cues have to present at encoding and retrieval
- if they are different at the stages, then forgetting will happen

Question 3

Context Dependent

Answer 3

Godden & Baddeley
- sea divers learned/ recalled word lists on land/underwater
accurate recall was 40% lower on unmatched conditions
external cues at learning and recall differ = retrieval failure

Question 4

State Dependent

Answer 4

Carter & Cassady
- participants made dowsy to create diff psychological state from regular alertness
- learned/ recall on or not on drugs
memory was worse with mismatched conditions
internal cues at learning/ recall are different, so retrieval failure occurs

Question 5

Real World Application

Answer 5

cues can overcome forgetting
Baddeley
- effects on forgetting aren’t strong
- but can still pay attention
remembering the learning envi helps us with recall forgotten memory
research can be applied to real life

Question 6

Research Support

Answer 6

evidence that support forgetting
Eysenck & Keane
- RF is the main reason for forgetting
RF is evident is controlled lab studies and real life
findings are generalised

Question 7

Recall VS Recognition

Answer 7

context dependent forgetting
- highly dependent on type of memory being tested
Godden & Baddeley
- tested sea divers’ recall of word lists
- no significant difference in the four conditions
RF can only be applied when testing memory for free recall than recognition
RF is a limited explanation

Question 8

Problems with the ESP

Answer 8

Issues around if its possible to establish if a cue has been encoded
Reasoning is based on assumptions
Godden & Baddeley
- able to establish
- but difficult if outside of controlled conditions
If memory not recalled when a cue is present it must have not been encoded
- but other things can be used as cues or if they are not necessary for recall
Limits the validity of RF as don’t consider other factors that can be used as cues