Retrieval and Forgetting Flashcards
Primacy effect
More words remembered due to more time to rehearse
Recency effect
More recent items fresh in memory, still active in phonological loop
Serial position function
Recall graph supports primacy effect and recency effect
Theories for forgetting
Memories disappear from LTM
Memories retained in LTM but failed to retrieve
Savings in relearning
Nelson: pair word and number test
Old pair forgotten but recalled in retest after new pair introduced
Retroactive interference
Information learned later interferes with previous knowledge
Proactive interference
Previous information interferes with item to be learned
Fan effect
Increase in reaction time and slower retrieval due to increased associations
Are associations always bad?
Relevant and meaningfully related associations can facilitate rather than interfere with learning
Context effects
Context and external or internal environment in which information is learned promotes retrieval in same context
Divers retrieved more when words learned on land was retrieved on land, or words learned under water was retrieved under water
Recovered memories
Traumatic memories that resurfaced as a result of treatment or stimulation
Challenges against recovered memories
Memories cannot be verified
Misinformation effect
Implanted memories
Implanted memories
Participants at first deny being lost in a mall when cued while recounting past events
Later trials after weeks, claim to have been lost in a mall after same cue
Alien abductees
Show higher susceptibility to false memory and misinformation
Deese Roediger McDermott Task
Suggests we remember gists of things rather than details
Participants given list of words, then cued with new unrelated, true list, and false words that are related to the given list. Difficult to reject false list
