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Nervous System > Retinal Disorders > Flashcards

Retinal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is Fluorescein angiography?

A

fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. highlights the blood vessels in the back of the eye

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2
Q

what is Optical coherence tomography?

A

imaging test that uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of the layers of the retina

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3
Q

what is Electrophysiology?

A

Series of investigations recording electrical signals from the eye, optic nerve and brain
in response to visual stimuli
(Useful when no evidence of physical disease)

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4
Q

what is an Electroretinogram (ERG)?

A

Measures retinal function

Records action potentials within the retina

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5
Q

what is an Electro-oculogram (EOG)?

A

Measures resting potential difference between the RPE and photoreceptors- so measures their function

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6
Q

what are Visually evoked potentials (VEP)?

A

Records optic nerve function

Measures electrical activity in the visual cortex in response to either a flashing light or a checker board pattern

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7
Q

give examples of conditions where there is a sudden painless loss of vision

A 
Central retinal vein occlusion	
Central retinal artery occlusion		
Ischaemic optic neuropathy		
Stroke					
Vitreous haemorrhage		
Retinal detachment
Sudden discovery of pre-exisiting unilateral LoV
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8
Q

what are common causes of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Hypertension
Glaucoma
Hyperviscosity
Inflammation

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9
Q

what are common causes of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Emboli (carotids/heart)

Inflammation

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10
Q

what are the two types of Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Arteritic (AION)-due to inflammation

Non-arteritic (NAION)

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11
Q

what evidence implies AION?

A

Temporal artery biopsy taken from side with headache-raised inflammatory markers

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12
Q

what are symptoms and signs of Optic Neuritis?

A 
Pain on eye movements
Reduced vision
Red desaturation
Central scotoma
Relative afferent pupil defect
Swollen optic disc
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13
Q

give examples of conditions where there is a Gradual Painless Loss of Vision

A 
Cataract
Refractive error
Age-related macular degeneration
Open angle glaucoma
Diabetic retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
Inherited retinal dystrophies
Drug-induced retinopathy
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14
Q

describe age-related macular degeneration

A

Common
Progressive loss of central vision
Risk factors-Age, Smoking, Poor diet

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15
Q

what are the two types of age-related macular degeneration?

A 
Dry type (80-90%)			Wet type (10-20%)
(wet type is more aggressive, but treatable)
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16
Q

what are the symptoms and signs of Diabetic Retinopathy?

A 
Asymptomatic till late stage
Cotton Wool Spots	
Exudates
Vascular anomalies
Maculopathy
17
Q

what is the treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy?

A

manage diabetes
laser surgery
eye injections

18
Q

what is Hypertensive Retinopathy?

A

damage to the retina and retinal circulation due to high blood pressure

19
Q

what are retinal dystrophies?

A

Series of inherited conditions affecting photoreceptor function leading to progressive loss of vision

20
Q

give examples of retinal dystrophies

A 
Retinitis pigmentosa
Cone dystrophy
Best’s vitelliform macular dystrophy
Stargardt macular dystrophy
Sorsby macular dystrophy
North Carolina macular dystrophy
Choroideraemia
Gyrate atrophy
21
Q

describe Retinitis Pigmentosa

A

mixed inheritance
Predominantly rod degeneration
Mild field defect that becomes severe at middle age

22
Q

describe Cone dystrophy

A

Inheritance-Sporadic (90%)

Photopic ERG reduced, scotopic normal

23
Q

describe Best’s Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy

A

Inheritance-Dominant
mass develops on the macula that resembles an egg yolk
affects central vision

24
Q

describe Stargardt Macular Dystrophy

A

Inheritance-Recessive (90%)

25
Q

describe Sorsby Macular Dystrophy

A

Inheritance-Dominant

26
Q

describe North Carolina Macular Dystrophy

A

Inheritance-Dominant

27
Q

describe Choroideraemia

A

Inheritance- X-linked recessive

28
Q

describe Gyrate atrophy

A

Inheritance-Recessive

29
Q

what medication can cause Drug-induced Retinopathy

A

Antimalarials
Phenothiazines
Tamoxifen

Nervous System (37 decks)

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