Retina

Question 1

How is the Neurosensory Retina defined histiologically?

Answer 1

Area with 2 or more layers of ganglion cells

5-6 mm in diameter

Centered vertically between temporal vascular arcades

Question 2

Where is the macula centered?

Answer 2

The center of the macula is 4.0 mm temporal & 0.8 mm inferior to the center of the optic disc.

Question 3

What are the layers of the retina?

Answer 3

Layers of the NSR
ILM
NFL
GCL
IPL
INL (watershed)
OPL
ONL
Inner Segments
ELM
Outer Segments

Question 4

Light sensitive molecules in rods and cones are derived from what?

Answer 4

Vitamin A, and are bound to opsins.

Question 5

Defects in protein (ABCR – ATP-binding cassette transporter) involved in transport of retinoids leads to accumulation of retinoid-based fluorophores in retina/RPE. Disease called?

Answer 5

Stargardt disease- cause increase in all trans retinol in outer segment discs

Question 6

What are the two deadly forms of oculocutaneous albinism?

Answer 6

-Chediak-Higashi
Neutrophil problems with infections
-Hermansky-Pudalk
Platelet problems

Question 7

What is the safe dose for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine?

Answer 7

3mg/kg/day (300 g total) and 6.5mg/kg/day (700g total) total dose is more important than daily.

Question 8

What is the AREDS formula?

Answer 8

500 milligrams of vitamin C
400 International Units of vitamin E 
80 milligrams of zinc as zinc oxide
15 milligrams of beta-carotene(A)
2 milligrams of copper as cupric-oxide.

Question 9

What is EOG and what does it test?

Answer 9

Electroocullogram and it tests the RPE

Question 10

What are the phases of BEST’s disease?

Answer 10

Pre vitelliform -> vitelliform -> pseudohypopypn(scrambled egg) -> Atrophic(vision becomes bad)