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SFII Test 3 > Reticular system > Flashcards

Reticular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the reticular systyem?

A

Integrates information from all senses

Consciousness and arousal

Filters unimportant information, shunts life-threatening information to the amygdala

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2
Q

What are the three columns of the reticular system?

A

Lateral

Medial

Median

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3
Q

What is the lateral column?

A

Contains small, parvicellular neruons that receive afferent fibers from neighboring brainstem regions

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4
Q

What is the medial column?

A

Contains magnocellular and gigantocellular neurons that give rise to many efferents

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5
Q

What is the median column?

A

Contains intermediate sized serotonin neurons of th raphe nuclei

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6
Q

What is the nucleus basalis of Meynert or the basalis magnocellularis?

A

Located in the telencephalon

Contains ACh neurons that project widely to the cortex and amygdala

Plays a role in selective attention, alerness and memor processes

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7
Q

What is the reticular nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Diencephalon

Receives input from other thalamic nuclei and widespread cortical area

Influences cortex via other thalamic nuclei

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8
Q

What is the periaqueductal grey?

A

MIdbrain

Grey matter that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

Involved in modulating descending pain pathway, contains high density of opioid receptors

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9
Q

What is the dorsal raphe nucleus?

A

Midbrain

Primary site of serotonergic neurons in the reticular formation

Widespread forebrain connections with now thalamic relay

Regulation of consciousness, attention, and mood

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10
Q

What is the ventral tegmental area?

A

Midbrain

Part of the mesolimbic dopamine and mesocortical DA reward pathways

Plays a role in memory, attention, and motivation

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11
Q

What is the substantia nigra pars compacta?

A

Midbrain

Part of the nigrostriatal pathway

Basal ganglia function

Also may play a role in reward and reinforcement

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12
Q

What is the Nucleus locus coeruleus (blue nucleus)?

A

Pons

Provides the majority of NE input to the CNS

Modulate arousal, selective attention, stress response, pain, and mood

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13
Q

What is the Pedunculo-pontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus?

A

Pons

Largest sites of ACh production in the brain

Involved in wakefulness and REM sleep

Part of the indirect arousal system that must be inhibited for sleep to occur

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14
Q

What is the Nucleus raphe magnus?

A

Medulla

Contains serotonergic neurons

Involved in modulating pain transmission

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15
Q

What is the rostral ventral medulla nucleus?

A

Medulla

Contains glutamatergic neurons

Involved in modulating the transmission of pain within the CNS, similar to the PAG

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16
Q

What are the nuclei of the medullary reticular formation?

A

Medulla

Critical in cardiovascular and respiratory center regulation

17
Q

What is responsible for actively maintaining consciousness/wakefulness/arousal/attention?

A

Ascending reticular activating system

18
Q

What are the functions of the RAS?

A

Consciousness

Filter out massive amounts of information

Primes the cortex to allow incoming sensory information to be processed

Shunts fearful information to the amygdala

19
Q

What are the two most well known pathways in the ARAS?

A

Aminergic nuclei

Cholinergic nuclei

20
Q

What are the aminergic nuclei in the ARAS?

A

Nucleus locos coeruleus, raphe in the midbrain, Tubermammilary nucleus in the hypothalamus

activated exclusively during the waking state

21
Q

What are the Cholinergic nuclei in the ARAS?

A

Pedunculo-pontine, Laterodorsal tegmental nuclei

Activated during waking state and REM sleep

22
Q

What is locked-in syndrome?

A

Lesion preventing corticospinal and corticobulbar motor output

Sensory function and consciousness is preserved

23
Q

What is akinetic mutism, abulia, or catatonia?

A

Ipaired frontal and dopaminergic function leading to profound apathy and deficits in response initiation

24
Q

What is a minimally conscious state?

A

Periods of responsiveness or wakefulness with minimal and variable awareness

25
Q

What is a vegetative state?

A

Consists of periods of wakefulness, but no periods of awareness

No visual tracking, no volitional behavior

26
Q

What is a persistent vegetative state?

A

Vegetative state that lasts for more than a month without evidence of change

27
Q

What is a coma?

A

Prolonged losss of consciousness with a severe impairment of corical function

Unresponsive to sensory input but some primitive reflex activity can be present

28
Q

What is brain death?

A

Irreversible unconsciousness with complete loss of brain function and inability to breath

29
Q

What are some causes of comas?

A

Bilateral lesion in upper brainstem affecting RAS

Bilateral compromis of the hemispheres

Large bilateral lesion of the thalamus

30
Q

What are the 4 major dopamine pathways in the brain?

A

Substantia nigra to the neostriatum

Ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens - reward, + schizo symptoms

VTA to the cortex - parkinsons and - schizo symptoms

Tubero-infundibular projection - arcuate nucleus to the anterior pituitary

31
Q

What are typical anti-psychotic drugs?

A

Alliviate the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but exacerbate the negative symptoms

can also cause hyperkinetic affects

32
Q

What are atypical anti-pyschotic drugs?

A

Cause fewer extrapyramidal effect but come with the complication of weight gain, T2DM, and prolactinema

33
Q

What is the major norepinephrine pathway in the brain?

A

Nucleus locus coeruleus, widespread projections to the cortex, limbic system and dorsal horn

Modulate arousal, selective attention, pain modulation

34
Q

What are the two important serotonin nuclei?

A

Dorsal raphe nucleus - mood modulation

Nucleus raphe magnus - modulation of pain transmission

35
Q

What is the major acetylcholine nuclei in the brain?

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

Diffuse projections to the cortex without relaying through the thalamus

SFII Test 3 (24 decks)

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