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SFII Test 3 > Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

What do the cerebral hemispheres develop from?

A

Telencephalon

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2
Q

What are the types of cortex?

A

Neocortex - 6 layers, 90%

Allocortex - 3 layers, made up of paleocortex (olfactory) and archicortex (hippocampal)

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3
Q

How is the neocortex organized?

A

Six layers each that acts as its own functional unit, but also work together

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4
Q

What are columnopathies?

A

Disorders of the modular arrangement of cortical columns

E.g. Autism Spectrum Disorder

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5
Q

What are unimodal association cortices?

A

Modality-specific association cortex that is located proximal to primary sensory cortices of the same modality

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6
Q

What are heteromodal association cortices?

A

Receives inputs from multiple sensory modalities

Higher order functions

Recently evolved

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7
Q

What is false localization?

A

Focal lesions cause specific defects, but redundancies and overlaps may lead to misinterpreting exam results

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8
Q

What does pure alexia commonly result from?

A

Occlusion of the left PCA - suppplies occipital love and splenium of corpus callosum

Right occipital lobe could process visual input but cannot send information to language ares in the left brain

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9
Q

What causes Acalculia?

A

Lesion in the dominant parietal lobe

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10
Q

Why is visual spatial disorientation common in early Alzheimer’s?

A

Damage to neurons in the association cortices - specifically in the parietal lobe

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11
Q

What would cause memory impairment?

A

Lesion in the hippocampus of the temporal lobe

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12
Q

What would cause a behavioral or personality change?

A

Frontal cortex/lobe damage

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13
Q

What causes destructive eye deviation?

A

Damage in the frontal eye field (area 8)

Causes deviation toward the side of the lesion

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14
Q

What causes irratative eye deviation?

A

Seizure, causes deviation away from the side of the lesion

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15
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Lack of ability to perform voluntary movements when asked

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16
Q

What are frontal release signs?

A

Reflexes that infants are born with, that are later inhibited with further development of the frontal lobe

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17
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Deficits in sensory information

Results in normal perception stripped of meaning

typically arises from damage to the ventral stream of sensory perception

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18
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

inability to recognize visual objects

Associated with left occiptial/temporal lobe lesions

Can be apperceptive or associative

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19
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Inability to recognize familiar faces

Typically results from bilateral damage to fusiform gyrus

20
Q

What is auditory agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize sounds

Associated with auditory cortex/temporal lobe lesions

21
Q

What is construction apraxia?

A

Losing the ability to focus on anything in one half of their visual field

Non-dominant parietal lobe damage

type of contralateral neglect

22
Q

What is the centrum semiovale?

A

Deep white matter that consists of bundles of myelinated axons

23
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

A

Part of the longitudinal fasciculus; connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s

Results in conduction aphasia

24
Q

What is the uncinate fasciculus?

A

Connects temporal with the frontal cortex

Plays a role in empathy and recognition

lesion can also cause changes in hearing and olfaction

25
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus?

A

Conntects emotion centers and memory structures such as the hippocampus as part of the limbic system

26
Q

What is the default mode network?

A

Internal cognition, thought, dialogue

27
Q

What does the corpus callosum connect?

A

Connects homotypical regions on both sides of the brain

28
Q

What does the anterior commisure connect?

A

Connects temporal lobes, olfactory cortices, and olfactory bulbs

29
Q

What does the posterior commisure connect?

A

Connects pretectal structures

30
Q

How do axons travel up to and down from the cortex?

A

Through capsules that expand out into the corona radiata that traverses the whole of the cortex

31
Q

What does the external capsule connect?

A

Calustrum and insular cortex

Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

“Corticalcortical” tract

32
Q

What is the insula?

A

Lies deep within the lateral sulcus

Involved in consciousness, emotion, empathy, self-awareness, and managing interpersonal relationships

33
Q

What two structures make up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

Physically connected

34
Q

What two structures make up the Neostriatum?

A

Caudate and Putamen

Embryonically linked

35
Q

What structures make up the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

36
Q

What structures make up the limbic cortex?

A

Cingulate gyrus and Parahippocampal gyrus

Corticoid areas, like the amygdala

37
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A

Homeostasis

Olfaction

Memory

Emotion

38
Q

What is the internal medullary lamina?

A

Y -shaped white matter tract that divides the thalamus into 3 primary regions

39
Q

What is the only thalamic nucleus that does not project to the cortex?

A

Reticular nucleus

40
Q

What are the functional divisions of the thalamus?

A

Sensory

Motor

Limbic

Multi-modal

Intralaminar

41
Q

What nuclei make up the sensory division of the thalamus?

A

Ventral Posterior lateral nucleus (VPL)

Ventral posteriomedial nucleus (VPM)

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

42
Q

What nuclei make up the motor division of the thalamus?

A

Ventral anterior nucleus (VA)

Ventral Lateral nucleus (VL)

43
Q

What nuclei make up the limbic division of the thalamus?

A

Anterior nucleus

Mediodorsal nucleus

44
Q

What nuclei make up the multi-modal division of the thalamus?

A

Pulvinar

Lateral posterior

Lateral dorsal

45
Q

What nuclei make up the intra-laminar division of the nucleus?

A

Reticular

Centre-median

Intra-laminar

46
Q

What is Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome?

A

Thalamic pain syndrome

Contralateral lack of sensation and tingling that progresses to severe pain; typically follows thalamic stroke

SFII Test 3 (24 decks)

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