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SP17: Anatomy Test 1 > Reticular Formation > Flashcards

Reticular Formation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the reticular formation?

A

Several zones of nuclei found in the central core of the brainstem that extends into the cerebrum as the hypothalamus

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2
Q

What are some major functions of the reticular formation?

A

Regulation of:

  • posture
  • some stereotypic motor behaviors
  • internal environment
  • pain regulation
  • sleep and wakefulness
  • emotional tone
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3
Q

What are the three longitudinal zones of the reticular formation?

A
  1. Raphe nuclei
  2. Medial zone
  3. Lateral zone
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4
Q

T/F: Reticular formation neurons have a simple connection pattern limited to the brainstem.

A

FALSE

RF neurons have complex connections, and my innervate multiple levels of the spinal cord, brainstem, and thalamus

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5
Q

What are the two reticulospinal tracts?

A

Medial: pons; ipsilateral and descends near the midline in anterior funiculus

Lateral: medulla; descends bilaterally in lateral funiculus

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6
Q

How does the reticular formation impact movement?

A
  1. It is an alternative to corticospinal tract; regulate spinal motor neurons
  2. Influence spinal motor neurons directly
  3. Regulate spinal reflexes
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7
Q

T/F: The main role of the reticular function is that in some cases it can bypass the brain for reflex like movements.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

What are some rhythmic motor patterns that are under control of the reticular formation?

A
  1. Gaze centers
  2. Mastication: supratrigeminal nucleus (pons)
  3. Locomotion
  4. Heart rate
  5. Respiration
  6. Swallowing

4-6 in the Medulla “Vital Center”

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9
Q

What is the central causes theory in relation to Bruxism?

A

Says that dysfunction in the reticular formation during sleep is leading to input to the supratrigeminal nucleus

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10
Q

What role does the reticular formation play in pain?

A

Can help to suppress pain when necessary

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11
Q

Briefly describe the PAG pain suppression pathway.

A

PAG receives pain info -> also receives input from hypothalamus, cortex, etc. -> the hypothalamus input can at times suppress the pain input

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12
Q

What types of medicines activate the PAG-raphe pathway to suppress pain?

A

Opiates

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13
Q

T/F: The RF can heighten arousal due to projections to the thalamus and cortex.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

What role does the ascending reticular activating system play?

A

Maintains consciousness and has a role in sleep-wakefulness cycle

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15
Q

In the reticular formation, what are the signature neurochemical makeups of the various nuclei?

A

Brainstem: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

Hypothalamus: histamine containing neurons

Telencephalon: acetylcholine

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16
Q

What areas of the brainstem use norepinephrine?

A

Medulla: solitary nucleus, ventrolateral medulla

Rostral Pons: Lucas ceruleus

17
Q

What are the two RF nuclei in the medulla and what are their functions?

A

Solitary nucleus: memory

Ventrolateral medulla: pain regulation

18
Q

What is the RF nucleus in the rostral pons and what is its function?

A

Locus ceruleus: attentiveness

19
Q

Where does the RF send noradrenergic (norepinephrine) projections?

A

Basically the entire CNS

20
Q

What diseases are connected with abnormal levels of norepinephrine?

A

Decreased: Parkinson’s disease, depression

Increased: panic disorder

21
Q

Where are RF dopamine transmitting neurons found?

A

Midbrain: substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area

22
Q

What are the functions of the RF nuclei in the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra: motor activity

Ventral tegmental area: organized thinking and planning, as well as emotional reward and drug dependency

23
Q

Where does the midbrain send the most dopamine projections?

A

Frontal cortex

24
Q

What disease is associated with the ventral tegmentum area?

A

Schizophrenia

25
Q

What do changes in dopamine levels cause?

A

Decrease: social withdrawal

Increase: hallucinations

26
Q

Where are seratonin transmitting RF nuclei in the brainstem?

A

All levels in the raphe

27
Q

What RF nuclei transmit seratonin? What is their function?

A

Midbrain raphe nuclei: to all regions of cortex; inhibit distraction, keep track of day-night cycle

Medullary raphe nuclei: to spinal cord; pain suppression

28
Q

T/F: Serotonin projections from the RF are very extensive and numerous.

A

TRUE

SP17: Anatomy Test 1 (19 decks)

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