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SP17: Anatomy Test 1 > PNS And Spinal Cord > Flashcards

PNS And Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What functional nerves are in the posterior horn?

A

Somatic afferent and visceral afferent

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2
Q

What functional nerves are in the anterior horn?

A

Visceral efferent and somatic efferent

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3
Q

What are the three meninge layers of peripheral nerves?

A
  1. Epineurium: most prominent around whole trunk; gives tensile strength
  2. Perineurium: continuous with arachnoid; blood-nerve barrier
  3. Endoneurium: surrounds individual fibers
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4
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Insulates axon membrane to increase conductivity velocity

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5
Q

What produces myelin in the CNS? PNS?

A

CNS: oligondedroglia cells
PNS: Schwann cells

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6
Q

What is the term for the areas between the myelin and what do these areas do?

A

Nodes of Ranvier; conduct the signal as it jumps from node to node

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7
Q

Which fibers are thicker: preganglionic autonomic or postganglionic autonomic?

A

Preganglionic autonomic

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8
Q

Which fibers are thicker: sharp pain or slow pain?

A

Sharp pain

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9
Q

Chemoreceptors are typically responsible for what?

A

Taste, smell, pH, metabolite concentrations

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10
Q

Photoreceptors are responsible for what?

A

Rentinal visual receptors

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11
Q

Thermoreceptors?

A

Temperature

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12
Q

Mechanoreceptors?

A

Respond to physical deformation: touch, muscle length and tension, auditory, vestibular receptors

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13
Q

Nociceptors?

A

Pain

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14
Q

T/F: Joints have one type of receptor that responds to position and movement.

A

False

Many types of receptors

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15
Q

What are the two components of all receptors?

A
  1. Receptive area

2. Synaptic area: where message is sent toward CNS

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16
Q

What is the main function of a receptor?

A

Turn a physical stimulus into an electrical signal the nervous system can understand

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17
Q

What is a receptor potential?

A

Describes the intensity and duration of a stimuli

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18
Q

What is a receptive field?

A

This allows the CNS to perceive the location of the stimulus.

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19
Q

What is the likely function of free nerve endings in muscles?

A

Detect muscle pain

20
Q

What are the two types of encapsulated receptors in the muscles?

A

Muscle spindles: detect muscle length

Golgi tendon organs: detect muscle tension

21
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

It is the caudal end of the cord before it narrows into the nonfunctional filum terminale

22
Q

Where are the spinal cord enlargements and what are they for?

A

Cervical enlargement: C5-T1

Lumbar enlargement: L2-S3

More motor neurons to supply upper and lower extremities

23
Q

The dorsal rootlets _______ the cord in the _____________.

A

Enter; posterolateral sulcus

24
Q

The ventral rootlets _______ the cord from the ____________.

A

Leave; anterolateral sulcus

25
Q

Which root has a ganglion at the coalescence of the dorsal and ventral roots?

A

Dorsal root ganglion: contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

26
Q

How do you deduce the level of a cord lesion?

A

Each spinal nerve innervates one dermatome level

27
Q

What is the pathway of a sensory signal?

A

Receptor -> afferent fibers enter dorsal root -> terminate in posterior horn or ascend to medulla

28
Q

What is the pathway of a motor signal?

A

Signal from brain -> Anterior horn -> leave thru ventral roots

29
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Stereotyped motor outputs, involve neural circuits only in cord

NO BRAIN

30
Q

What structure do the two sides of the cord communicate through?

A

Anterior white commissure

31
Q

What structure divides the posterior funiculi at the C and T levels?

A

posterior intermediate sulcus

32
Q

What is the common configuration of the spinal cord?

A

H-shaped gray matter surrounded by white matter funiculi

33
Q

What structure is only found above T6 in the spinal cord?

A

The posterior intermediate sulcus

34
Q

What happens to the spinal cord shape as it goes from cervical to sacral?

A

Gets narrower from C->T

Gray matter gets larger from T->L

35
Q

What is the substantia gelatinousa related with?

A

Pain and temperature

36
Q

Which horn contains motor neurons that control skeletal muscle?

A

Anterior horn

37
Q

What are alpha neurons and where are they found?

A

Muscle moving motor nuerons; found in the anterior horn

38
Q

Why do the alpha neurons cluster into small groups?

A

Each group is indicative of innervating an individual muscle

39
Q

What are the two specialized columns in the cervical anterior horns?

A

Spinal accessory nucleus: forms accessory nerve (caudal medulla to C5)

Phrenic nucleus: innervates diaphragm (C3,4,5… keeps the body alive)

40
Q

What types of neurons are found in the intermediate gray matter (between the horns)?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons (T1-L3) ANTERIOR

Clarke’s nucleus (T1-L2): relays proprioception of legs to cerebellum; POSTERIOR

Sacral parasympathetic nucleus (S2-S4): supply pelvic viscera; ANTERIOR

41
Q

Where would you do a spinal tap?

A

Lumbar since spinal cord is degenerated to filum terminale

42
Q

What suspends the spinal cord in the column?

A

denticulate ligaments

43
Q

How many neurons are involved in the stretch reflex?

A

2 neurons and one synapse between them

44
Q

What is an interneuron?

A

Interneurons are in all reflexes except the stretch reflex. They are in between the receptor and effector neurons

45
Q

Which artery is responsible for the anterior horn? Posterior horn?

A

Anterior spinal artery; posterior spinal arteries

SP17: Anatomy Test 1 (19 decks)

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