RESTRICTIVE DISEASES

Question 1

1) Aspiration w clinical manifestation

Answer 1

passage of fluids & solid particles into the lungs.
**Right Lower Lobe: frequent site.
CM: choking and intractable cough, sudden onset

Question 2

2) Atelectasis

Answer 2

collapse of lung tissue.
*SURFACTANT IMPAIRMENT: decreased/ inactivation of surfactant
CM: dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis

Question 3

3) BRONCHIectasis

Answer 3

persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi. (clyndrical, saccular, varicose)
CM: chronic productive cough
T: sputum culture antibiotics, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 4

4) BronchioLITIS (inflammation) : definition, CM, Pathophysiology

Answer 4

diffuse inflammation of small airways or bronchioles. (common in children)
*occurs in adults w chronic bronchitis or viral infection, or inhaled toxic gases

Pathophysiology: mucus build, inflamed tissue, collapsed alveoli, necrosis & loss of epithelium, smooth muscle tightening around bronchial tubes.

Question 5

5) Pulmonary Fibrosis

Answer 5

excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung.
CM: increasing dyspnea on exertion (activity)

Question 6

9) Pulmonary edema

Answer 6

excess water in the lung from disturbances of capillary hydrostatic pressure, capillary oncotic pressure, capillary permeability
- impaired the alvelocapillary membrane diffusion (V;Q mismatch).
Common Cause: LEFT side heart disease
CM: dyspnea, orthopnea, hypoxemia, increased work of breathing

Question 7

10) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Answer 7

• forms of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alvelocapillary injury= leads to edema.
• injury to the pulmonary capillary endothelium
• increased capillary permeability
• inflammation
• surfactant inactivation = bronchioles fill w fluid.
• edema and atelectasis

Question 8

10) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): clinical manifestations

Answer 8

1. Dyspnea and hypoxemia w poor response to oxygen supplementation
2. hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis
3. decreased tissue perfusion, metabolic acidosis, organ dysfunction
   4.

Question 9

10) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): clinical manifestations

Answer 9

1. Dyspnea and hypoxemia w poor response to oxygen supplementation
2. hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis
3. decreased tissue perfusion, metabolic acidosis, organ dysfunction
4. increased work of breathing, decreased tidal volume, hypoventilation
5. hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis, worsening hypoxemia
6. decreased cardiac output, hypotension, death